@article {1142391, title = {Evolution of the mammalian fauces region and the origin of suckling}, journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution}, year = {Submitted}, note = {See Science Magazine{\textquoteright}s take on our research: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6399/213}, abstract = {Suckling in therian mammals requires synchronous activity in the tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus,mylohyoideusand intrinsic tongue muscles that close the fauces. These muscles draw the dorsal surface of the tongue against a tensed soft palate to form a seal between the oral cavity and oropharynx. Depressing the tongue in front of the seal induces negative pressure and draws milk into the oral cavity.To trace the origin offauces region in mammals,we studied serial sections of a pouch young marsupialandCT scans of non-mammalian cynodonts, ictidosaurs, mammaliaforms, and extant mammals.In Late Triassic ictidosaurs (Brasilitherium) and mammaliaforms, the origin of a medial slip of the reptilian posterior pterygoideus migrated to the lateral surface of the pterygopalatine boss that supported the lateral edge of a non-muscular soft palate.Suckling arose in early mammals after fibers of this slip migrated into the soft palate to form the tensor veli palatini, and the palatoglossus separated from the pharyngeal constrictors. The added stress on the pterygopalatine boss led to the addition of a hamulus.Once the transverse process of the pterygoid was lost, the lateral posterior pterygoideus differentiated to form the medial pterygoid.Monotreme ancestorsmodified the fauces regionto break down invertebrates between keratinized padsontheposteriortongue andundertheventral surface of a long palatine.Theylost the tensor veli palatini and palatoglossus andlack the ability to suckle.}, author = {Crompton, Alfred W. and Musinsky, Catherine and Bonaparte, Jos{\'e} F. and Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan and Owerkowicz, Tomasz} } @article {1422795, title = {The origin of chewing in mammals required rolling of the jaw and involved broad continuity in molar form and function}, journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {60}, year = {2020}, note = {Suppl. 1Ls5odS3-9Times Cited:0Cited References Count:0}, month = {Mar}, pages = {E17-E17}, isbn = {1540-7063}, author = {Bhullar, B. A. S. and Manafzadeh, A. R. and J. A. Miyamae and Hoffman, E. A. and Brainerd, E. L. and Musinsky, C. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {1422794, title = {Reply to: Jaw roll and jaw yaw in early mammals}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {582}, number = {7812}, year = {2020}, note = {Qp4ipTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:16}, month = {Jun 18}, pages = {E9-E12}, isbn = {0028-0836}, author = {Bhullar, B. A. S. and Manafzadeh, A. R. and J. A. Miyamae and Hoffman, E. A. and Brainerd, E. L. and Musinsky, C. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {1422793, title = {Metabolic and Environmental Factors Shaping the Morphology of Respiratory Turbinates in Mammals and Archosaurs}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, volume = {280}, year = {2019}, note = {Suppl. 1Ic2cxTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:0}, month = {Jun}, pages = {S195-S195}, isbn = {0362-2525}, author = {Owerkowicz, T. and Poff, M. and Middleton, K. M. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {1422792, title = {Origin of Suckling in Therian Mammals}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, volume = {280}, year = {2019}, note = {Suppl. 1Ic2cxTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:0}, month = {Jun}, pages = {S102-S102}, isbn = {0362-2525}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Musinsky, C. A. and Bhullar, B. A. and Owerkowicz, T.} } @article {1422791, title = {Rolling of the jaw is essential for mammalian chewing and tribosphenic molar function}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {566}, number = {7745}, year = {2019}, note = {Hm8ykTimes Cited:19Cited References Count:34}, month = {Feb 28}, pages = {528-+}, abstract = {Over the past two centuries, mammalian chewing and related anatomical features have been among the most discussed of all vertebrate evolutionary innovations(1-3). Chief among these features are two characters: the dentary-only mandible, and the tribosphenic molar with its triangulated upper cusps and lower talonid basin(3-5). The flexible mandibular joint and the unfused symphysis of ancestral mammals-in combination with transformations of the adductor musculature and palate-are thought to have permitted greater mobility of each lower jaw, or hemimandible(6,7). Following the appearance of precise dental occlusion near the origin of the mammalian crown(8,9), therians evolved a tribosphenic molar with a craggy topography that is presumed to have been used to catch, cut and crush food. Here we describe the ancestral tribosphenic therian chewing stroke, as conserved in the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica: it is a simple symmetrical sequence of lower tooth-row eversion and inversion during jaw opening and closing, respectively, enacted by hemimandibular long-axis rotation. This sequence is coupled with an eversion-inversion rotational grinding stroke. We infer that the ancestral therian chewing stroke relied heavily on long-axis rotation, including symmetrical eversion and inversion (inherited from the first mammaliaforms) as well as a mortar-and-pestle rotational grinding stroke that was inherited from stem therians along with the tribosphenic molar. The yaw-dominated masticatory cycle of primates, ungulates and other bunodont therians is derived; it is necessitated by a secondarily fused jaw symphysis, and permitted by the reduction of high, interlocking cusps(10-12). The development of an efficient masticatory system-culminating in the tribosphenic apparatus-allowed early mammals to begin the process of digestion by shearing and crushing food into small boli instead of swallowing larger pieces in the reptilian manner, which necessitates a long, slow and wholly chemical breakdown. The vast diversity of mammalian teeth has emerged from the basic tribosphenic groundplan(13).}, keywords = {Mastication, movements, occlusion, origin}, isbn = {0028-0836}, author = {Bhullar, B. A. S. and Manafzadeh, A. R. and J. A. Miyamae and Hoffman, E. A. and Brainerd, E. L. and Musinsky, C. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {1089246, title = {Origin and relationships of the Ictidosauria to non-mammalian cynodonts and mammals}, journal = {Historical Biology}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Ictidosaurian genera are allocated to two families, Tritheledontidae and Therioherpetidae. This paper provides a diagnosis for Ictidosauria. The previously named family Brasilodontidae is shown to be a junior synonym of a family, Therioherpetidae. It is concluded that Ictidosauria originated from Late Permian procynosuchid non-mammalian cynodonts rather than from Middle Triassic probainognathid non-mammalian cynodonts. The structure of the skull and jaws of a derived traversodontid Ischignathus sudamericanus from the early Late Triassic of Argentina supports an earlier view that tritylodontids are more closely related to traversodontid than probainognathid non-mammalian cynodonts. Tritylodontids should not be included in Ictidosauria, nor should they considered to be a sister group to mammaliaforms.}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2017.1329911}, author = {Bonaparte, Jos{\'e} F. and Crompton, Alfred W.} } @article {932221, title = {Structure of the nasal region of non-mammalian cynodonts and mammaliaforms: speculations on the evolution of mammalian endothermy}, journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, volume = {37}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Nasal regions of the non-mammalian cynodont, Massetognathus, Probainognathus, and Elliotherium were reconstructed from micro-CT scans and compared with scans and published accounts of more derived forms, including Brasilitherium, Morganucodon, Haldanodon, and extant mammals. The basic structure of the modern mammalian nose, already present in non-mammalian cynodonts of the Early Triassic, underwent little modification during the Triassic. A respiratory chamber opened into a nasopharyngeal passage through an enlarged primary choana bordered posteriorly by a transverse lamina that formed the floor to a more posterior olfactory chamber. Cartilaginous respiratory turbinals initially provided a surface for evaporative cooling during periods of increased activity in the exceptionally high ambient temperatures of the Triassic. A similar mechanism for heat loss is present in extant crocodilians, squamates, and mammals. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic non-mammaliaform cynodonts (Elliotherium) and mammaliaforms (Morganucodon), the pterygopalatine ridges behind the hard secondary palate extended ventrally and formed the lateral walls to a narrow nasopharynx as pterygoid hamuli do in extant mammals. Ridges in this position suggest the presence of a palatopharyngeus muscle in late non-mammaliaform cynodonts that could hold the larynx in an intranarial position during rest or low activity levels to prevent inhaled air from entering the oral cavity, thus allowing cartilaginous respiratory turbinals to assume an additional role as temporal countercurrent exchange sites for heat and water conservation. Ossification of respiratory turbinals in mammals enhanced their efficiency for conserving heat and water at rest, as well as their ability to dissipate heat during thermal stress.

}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan and Musinsky, Catherine} } @article {1011356, title = {Origin of the Lateral Wall of the Mammalian Skull: Fossils, Monotremes and Therians Revisited}, journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution}, volume = {published online}, year = {2017}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, abstract = {To interpret the fundamental differences in the structure and origin of the braincase sidewalls of monotremes, multituberculates, and therians, we examined MicroCT scans of a mammaliaform, Morganucodon; two non-mammalian cynodonts, Massetognathus and Probainognathus; a stem therian, Vincelestes; a juvenile and adult monotreme, Ornithorhynchus; and two marsupials, Monodelphis and Didelphis. The skull of Morganucodon resembles the pattern predicted for an early mammal: the descending flanges of the frontal and parietal cover the lateral surface of the orbitosphenoid and the palatine forms most of the medial wall of the orbit. In monotremes, the lateral region of the chondrocranium ossifies to form a long presphenoid/orbitosphenoid complex. During the transition from early mammals to extant mammals the height of the alisphenoid decreased drastically, the anterior lamina extended anteriorly to form part of the sidewall while the lateral surface of the orbitosphenoid was exposed by the dorsal withdrawal of the frontal and parietal. By contrast, in multituberculates and therians the lateral edges of the frontals extended further ventrally and the orbitosphenoid was reduced to a smaller orbital exposure below the frontals. In multituberculates the alisphenoid decreased in height, replaced by an anterior extension of the anterior lamina. The palatine withdrew from the orbital wall, replaced by a dorsally directed expansion of the maxilla. Extant therians have lost the anterior lamina. The inferior edges of the frontal followed the further ventral migration of the orbitosphenoid. The alisphenoid and parietal form most of the braincase sidewall.}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and C Musinsky and G.W. Rougier and B.-A.S. Bhullar and J. A. Miyamae} } @inbook {1422790, title = {Respiratory Turbinates and the Evolution of Endothermy in Extant Mammals and Birds}, booktitle = {Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution}, year = {2015}, pages = {143{\textendash}165}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, author = {Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Musinsky, Catherine and Middleton, Kevin M. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Dial, Kenneth and Brainerd, Elizabeth and Shubin, Neil} } @inbook {512486, title = {The Evolution of the Mammalian Nose}, booktitle = {Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Musinsky, Catherine and Owerkowicz, Tomasz}, editor = {Dial, Kenneth and Shubin, N. H. and Brainerd, E. L.} } @inbook {512856, title = {Respiratory Turbinates and the Evolution of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds}, booktitle = {The Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution}, year = {2015}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago}, author = {Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Musinsky, Catherine and Middleton, Kevin M. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Brainerd, E. L. and Dial, Kenneth and Shubin, N. H.} } @article {512481, title = {How dogs lap: ingestion and intraoral transport in Canis familiaris.}, journal = {Biological Letters}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {882-884}, abstract = {

It has recently been suggested that the mechan- ism for lifting liquid from a bowl into the oral cavity during lapping is fundamentally different in cats and dogs: cats use adhesion of liquid to the tongue tip while dogs {\textquoteleft}scoop{\textquoteright} with their backwardly curled tongue. High-speed light videos and X-ray videos show that on the con- trary, both cats and dogs use the mechanism of adhesion. Liquid is transported through the oral cavity to the oesophagus, against gravity, on the surface of the tongue as it is drawn upwards, then a tight contact between the tongue surface and palatal rugae traps liquid and prevents its falling out as the tongue is protruded. At least three cycles are needed for intraoral transport of liquid in the dog.

}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Musinsky, Catherine} } @article {512326, title = {Masticatory Motor Programs in Australian Herbivorous Mammals, Diprotodontia}, journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {271-281}, edition = {June 22, 2011}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {990141, title = {Ontogenetic Changes in Mammalian Feeding: Insights from Electromyographic Data}, journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {51}, year = {2011}, month = {2011}, pages = { - 288282}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Synopsis All infant mammals make a transition from suckling milk to eating solid foods. Yet, the neuromuscular implications of the transition from a liquid-only diet to solid foods are unknown even though the transport and swallowing of liquids is different from that of solids. We used legacy electromyography (EMG) data to test hypotheses concerning the changes in motor pattern and neuromuscular control that occur during the transition from an all-liquid diet to consumption of solid food in a porcine model. EMG signals were recorded from five oropharyngeal muscles in pigs at three developmental stages (infants, juveniles, and adults) feeding on milk, on food of an intermediate consistency (porridge), and on dry chow (juveniles and adults only). We measured cycle frequency and its variation in "transport cycles" and "swallow cycles". In the swallow cycles, a measure of variation of the EMG signal was also calculated. Variation in cycle frequency for transport and swallow cycles was lowest in adults, as predicted, suggesting that maturation of feeding mechanisms occurs as animals reach adulthood. Infants had lower variation in transport cycle frequency than did juveniles drinking milk, which may be due to the greater efficiency of the infant{\textquoteright}s tight oral seal against the teat during suckling, compared to a juvenile drinking from a bowl where a tight seal is not possible. Within juveniles, variation in both transport and swallow cycle frequencies was directly related to food consistency, with the highest variation occurring when drinking milk and the lowest when feeding on solid food. There was no difference in the variation of the EMG activity between intact infants and juveniles swallowing milk, although when the latter swallow porridge the EMG signals were less variable than for milk. These results suggest that consistency of food is a highly significant determinant of the variation in motor pattern, particularly in newly weaned animals.

}, isbn = {15407063, 15577023}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/stable/23016065}, author = {Campbell-Malone, Regina and Crompton, Alfred W. and Thexton, Allan J. and German, Rebecca Z.} } @article {512491, title = {Masticatory motor pattern in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): a comparison of jaw movements in marsupial and placental herbivores}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology}, volume = {313A}, year = {2010}, note = {

10.1002/jez.628

}, pages = {564-578}, publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company}, abstract = {

Abstract 10.1002/jez.628.abs Do closely related marsupial herbivores (Diprotodontia) conserve a common masticatory motor pattern or are motor patterns linked to the structure and function of the masticatory apparatus? We recorded the sequence and duration of activity of the individual jaw closing muscles during rhythmic chewing in koalas and then compared their motor pattern with that of their closest extant relatives, wombats, and their more distant marsupial relatives, macropodoids. These three lineages prove to have fundamentally different motor patterns and jaw movements during mastication. Each motor pattern represents independent modifications of an earlier motor pattern that was probably present in an ancestral diprotodontian. We show that koalas evolved a motor program that is in many aspects similar to that of placental herbivores with a fused mandibular symphysis (artiodactyls, perissodactyls, and higher primates) and almost identical to one artiodactyl, viz. alpacas. Anatomically, koalas are convergent on placental herbivores because they lost the inflected mandibular angle and large external part of the medial pterygoid muscle characteristic of other marsupials. We support the view that many different motor programs evolved for the control of transverse jaw movements, but identical motor programs for the control of transverse jaw movements can evolve independently in distantly related taxa. J. Exp. Zool. 313A, 2010. {\textcopyright} 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

}, isbn = {1932-5231}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Owerkowicz, T. and Skinner, J.} } @article {512946, title = {Impact of rhythmic oral activity on the timing of muscle activation in the swallow of the decerebrate pig}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, note = {

Thexton, Allan JCrompton, A WOwerkowicz, TomaszGerman, Rebecca ZDC-03604/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesJournal of neurophysiologyJ Neurophysiol. 2009 Mar;101(3):1386-93. Epub 2008 Dec 10.

}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1386-93}, edition = {2008/12/17}, abstract = {

The pharyngeal swallow can be elicited as an isolated event but, in normal animals, it occurs within the context of rhythmic tongue and jaw movement (RTJM). The response includes activation of the multifunctional geniohyoid muscle, which can either protract the hyoid or assist jaw opening; in conscious nonprimate mammals, two bursts of geniohyoid EMG activity (GHemg) occur in swallow cycles at times consistent with these two actions. However, during experimentally elicited pharyngeal swallows, GHemg classically occurs at the same time as hyoglossus and mylohyoid activity (short latency response) but, when the swallow is elicited in the decerebrate in the absence of RTJM, GHemg occurs later in the swallow (long latency response). We tested the hypothesis that it was not influences from higher centers but a brain stem mechanism, associated with RTJM, which caused GHemg to occur earlier in the swallow. In 38 decerebrate piglets, RTJM occurred sporadically in seven animals. Before RTJM, GHemg had a long latency, but, during RTJM, swallow related GHemg occurred synchronously with activity in hyoglossus and mylohyoid, early in the swallow. Both early and late responses were present during the changeover period. During this changeover period, duplicate electrodes in the geniohyoid could individually detect either the early or the late burst in the same swallow. This suggested that two sets of geniohyoid task units existed that were potentially active in the swallow and that they were differentially facilitated or inhibited depending on the presence or absence of rhythmic activity originating in the brain stem.

}, keywords = {*Periodicity, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Decerebrate State/*physiopathology, Deglutition/*physiology, Electromyography, Jaw/innervation, Mouth/innervation, Movement/*physiology, Muscles/*physiopathology, Reaction Time/physiology, Swine, Time Factors, Tongue/innervation}, isbn = {0022-3077 (Print)0022-3077 (Linking)}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W. and Owerkowicz, T. and German, R. Z.} } @article {512336, title = {Control of jaw movements in two species of macropodines (Macropus eugenii and Macropus rufus)}, journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular \& Integrative Physiology}, volume = {150}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {109-123}, abstract = {

The masticatory motor patterns of three tammar wallabies and two red kangaroos were determined by analyzing the pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity of the jaw adductors and correlating it with lower jaw movements, as recorded by digital video and videoradiography. Transverse jaw movements were limited by the width of the upper incisal arcade. Molars engaged in food breakdown during two distinct occlusal phases characterized by abrupt changes in the direction of working-side hemimandible movement. Separate orthal (Phase I) and transverse (Phase II) trajectories were observed. The working-side lower jaw initially was drawn laterally by the balancing-side medial pterygoid and then orthally by overlapping activity in the balancing- and working-side temporalis and the balancing-side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid. Transverse movement occurred principally via the working-side medial pterygoid and superficial masseter. This pattern contrasted to that of placental herbivores, which are known to break down food when they move the working-side lower jaw transversely along a relatively longer linear path without changing direction during the power stroke. The placental trajectory results from overlapping activity in the working- and balancing-side adductor muscles, suggesting that macropods and placental herbivores have modified the primitive masticatory motor pattern in different ways.

}, keywords = {Marsupials, Mastication, Neural control}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Barnet, J. and Lieberman, D. E. and Owerkowicz, T. and Skinner, J. and Baudinette, R. V.} } @article {512361, title = {Development of the movement of the epiglottis in infant and juvenile pigs}, journal = {Zoology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {339-349}, type = {Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural}, edition = {2008/04/05}, abstract = {

Although backward folding of the epiglottis is one of the signal events of the mammalian adult swallow, the epiglottis does not fold during the infant swallow. How this functional change occurs is unknown, but we hypothesize that a change in swallow mechanism occurs with maturation, prior to weaning. Using videofluoroscopy, we found three characteristic patterns of swallowing movement at different ages in the pig: an infant swallow, a transitional swallow and a post-weaning (juvenile or adult) swallow. In animals of all ages, the dorsal region of the epiglottis and larynx was held in an intranarial position by a muscular sphincter formed by the palatopharyngeal arch. In the infant swallow, increasing pressure in the oropharynx forced a liquid bolus through the piriform recesses on either side of a relatively stationary epiglottis into the esophagus. As the infant matured, the palatopharyngeal arch and the soft palate elevated at the beginning of the swallow, so exposing a larger area of the epiglottis to bolus pressure. In transitional swallows, the epiglottis was tilted backward relatively slowly by a combination of bolus pressure and squeezing of the epiglottis by closure of the palatopharyngeal sphincter. The bolus, however, traveled alongside but never over the tip of the epiglottis. In the juvenile swallow, the bolus always passed over the tip of the epiglottis. The tilting of the epiglottis resulted from several factors, including the action of the palatopharyngeal sphincter, higher bolus pressure exerted on the epiglottis and the allometry of increased size. In both transitional and juvenile swallows, the subsequent relaxation of the palatopharyngeal sphincter released the epiglottis, which sprang back to its original intranarial position.

}, keywords = {*Weaning, Aging/physiology, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Deglutition/*physiology, Epiglottis/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development/*physiology, Esophagus, Fluoroscopy/veterinary, Palatopharyngeal sphincter, Soft palate, Swallow mechanism, Swine, Miniature/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development/*physiology, Swine/anatomy \& histology/growth \& development/*physiology, Video Recording}, isbn = {0944-2006 (Print)0944-2006 (Linking)}, author = {Crompton, Alfred W. and German, Rebecca Z. and Thexton, Allan J.} } @inbook {512471, title = {Motor control of masticatory movements in the Southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorihinus latifrons)}, booktitle = {Primate Craniofacial Function and Biology}, series = {Developments in Primatology}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, author = {Crompton, Alfred W. and Lieberman, Daniel E and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Baudinette, Russell V. and Skinner, Jayne}, editor = {Vinyard, Christopher, J. and Ravosa, Matthew, J. and Wall, Christine, E.} } @article {512936, title = {Electromyographic activity during the reflex pharyngeal swallow in the pig: Doty and Bosma (1956) revisited}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {February 1, 2007}, pages = {587-600}, abstract = {

The currently accepted description of the pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the pharyngeal swallow is that reported by Doty and Bosma in 1956; however, those authors describe high levels of intramuscle and of interindividual EMG variation. We reinvestigated this pattern, testing two hypotheses concerning EMG variation: 1) that it could be reduced with modern methodology and 2) that it could be explained by selective detection of different types of motor units. In eight decerebrate infant pigs, we elicited radiographically verified pharyngeal swallows and recorded EMG activity from a total of 16 muscles. Synchronization signals from the video-radiographic system allowed the EMG activity associated with each swallow to be aligned directly with epiglottal movement. The movements were highly stereotyped, but the recorded EMG signals were variable at both the intramuscle and interanimal level. During swallowing, some muscles subserved multiple functions and contained different task units; there were also intramuscle differences in EMG latencies. In this situation, statistical methods were essential to characterize the overall patterns of EMG activity. The statistically derived multimuscle pattern approximated to the classical description by Doty and Bosma (Doty RW, Bosma JF. J Neurophysiol 19: 44-60, 1956) with a leading complex of muscle activities. However, the mylohyoid was not active earlier than other muscles, and the geniohyoid muscle was not part of the leading complex. Some muscles, classically considered inactive, were active during the pharyngeal swallow.

}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W. and German, R. Z.} } @article {512961, title = {Phase II jaw movements and masseter muscle activity during chewing in Papio anubis}, journal = {American Journal Physical Anthropology}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, note = {

Wall, Christine EVinyard, Christopher JJohnson, Kirk RWilliams, Susan HHylander, William LDE-04531/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United StatesDE-05663/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United StatesComparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.United StatesAmerican journal of physical anthropologyAm J Phys Anthropol. 2006 Feb;129(2):215-24.

}, month = {Feb}, pages = {215-24}, edition = {2005/11/10}, abstract = {

It was proposed that the power stroke in primates has two distinct periods of occlusal contact, each with a characteristic motion of the mandibular molars relative to the maxillary molars. The two movements are called phase I and phase II, and they occur sequentially in that order (Kay and Hiiemae [1974] Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 40:227-256, Kay and Hiiemae [1974] Prosimian Biology, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 501-530). Phase I movement is said to be associated with shearing along a series of crests, producing planar phase I facets and crushing on surfaces on the basins of the molars. Phase I terminates in centric occlusion. Phase II movement is said to be associated with grinding along the same surfaces that were used for crushing at the termination of phase I. Hylander et al. ([1987] Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 72:287-312; see also Hiiemae [1984] Food Acquisition and Processing, London: Academic Press, p. 257-281; Hylander and Crompton [1980] Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 52:239-251, [1986] Arch. Oral. Biol. 31:841-848) analyzed data on macaques and suggested that phase II movement may not be nearly as significant for food breakdown as phase I movement simply because, based on the magnitude of mandibular bone strain patterns, adductor muscle and occlusal forces are likely negligible during movement out of centric occlusion. Our goal is to better understand the functional significance of phase II movement within the broader context of masticatory kinematics during the power stroke. We analyze vertical and transverse mandibular motion and relative activity of the masseter and temporalis muscles during phase I and II movements in Papio anubis. We test whether significant muscle activity and, by inference, occlusal force occurs during phase II movement. We find that during phase II movement, there is negligible force developed in the superficial and deep masseter and the anterior and posterior temporalis muscles. Furthermore, mandibular movements are small during phase II compared to phase I. These results suggest that grinding during phase II movement is of minimal importance for food breakdown, and that most food breakdown on phase II facets occurs primarily at the end of phase I movement (i.e., crushing during phase I movement). We note, however, that depending on the orientation of phase I facets, significant grinding also occurs along phase I facets during phase I.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biomechanics, Electromyography, Jaw/*physiology, Male, Masseter Muscle/*physiology, Mastication/*physiology, Papio anubis/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Time Factors}, isbn = {0002-9483 (Print)0002-9483 (Linking)}, author = {Wall, C. E. and Vinyard, C. J. and Johnson, K. R. and Williams, S. H. and Hylander, W. L.} } @inbook {512456, title = {Tooth orientation during occlusion and functional significance of condylar translation in primates and herbivores}, booktitle = {Amniote Paleobiology}, year = {2006}, pages = {367-388}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago}, author = {Crompton, Alfred W. and Lieberman, Daniel E and Aboelela, Sally}, editor = {Carrano, M and Gaudin, TJ and Blob, R and Wible, JR} } @mastersthesis {512866, title = {Endotermia em cinodontes n{\~a}o-mamalianos: a busca por evid{\^e}ncias osteol{\'o}gicas.}, volume = {Mestrado}, year = {2005}, pages = {133}, school = {Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}, type = {Doctoral}, address = {Porto Alegre, RS - BR, 2005}, author = {Rodrigues, Pablo Gusm{\~a}o} } @article {512451, title = {Motor control of mastication in mammals: marsupials and placentals compared}, journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {44}, year = {2005}, pages = {541+}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E.} } @article {512436, title = {Control of mastication in mammals: marsupials and placentals compared.}, journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {44}, year = {2004}, pages = {541}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E.} } @article {512941, title = {Correlation between intraoral pressures and tongue movements in the suckling pig}, journal = {Archives of Oral Biology}, volume = {49}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, note = {

0003-9969Journal Article

}, month = {Jul}, pages = {567-75}, abstract = {

The objective was to clarify the relationship between tongue movements during suckling and the pressures in different parts of the oral cavity. A modified teat allowed a miniature pressure transducer to be passed through into the mouth. Intraoral pressures were recorded in piglets suckling on the teat attached (1) to a non-vented bottle or (2) to an automated milk delivery system. The movements of the tongue, of the milk and the transducer position were recorded by cine-radiography. In both modes of feeding, waves of elevation on the tongue moved in a pharyngeal direction and rose to contact the mid-posterior palate. Each wave corresponded to a jaw (suck) cycle in which milk was moved into and through the oral cavity. After each wave passed the transducer in the anterior part of the mouth, cyclical negative pressures were recorded. In bottle feeding, the intraoral pressure fluctuations (+/-2 mmHg) occurred against a background of a gradually developing negative pressure but, when feeding on the automatic delivery system, the same or smaller fluctuations occurred as changes from atmospheric pressure. Where the elevations contacted the mid-posterior palate in each cycle, a seal was formed (contact pressure \>40 mmHg), so producing two functional antero-posterior compartments within the mouth; in these compartments pressures were generated independently. With the transducer in the valleculae, no general increase in pressure was recorded as milk accumulated there in each suck cycle but large positive pressures were recorded during the less frequent cycles when the vallecular space was emptied.

}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W. and Owerkowicz, T. and German, R. Z.} } @proceedings {512551, title = {Epiglottal movement during swallowing in the infant pig}, year = {2004}, pages = {171}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J. and German, R. Z.} } @article {512441, title = {Functional significance of the inflected mandibular angle}, journal = {J Vert Paleo}, volume = {24}, year = {2004}, pages = {49A}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E.} } @article {512446, title = {Motor control of mastication in mammals: marsupials and placentals compared}, journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {44}, year = {2004}, pages = {541}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E.} } @article {512616, title = {The role of animal models in understanding feeding behavior in infants}, journal = {International Journal of Orofacial Myology}, volume = {30}, year = {2004}, month = {Nov}, pages = {20-30}, abstract = {

The common evolutionary history humans share with mammals provides us with a solid basis for understanding normal oropharyngeal anatomy and functions. Physiologically, feeding is a cycle of neurophysiologic activity, where sensory input travels to the CNS which sends motor signals out to the periphery. Research with animal models is valuable because it is possible to disrupt this cycle, and develop predictive models on the causal basis of deviation from normal. Based on work with animal models, normal mammalian infant feeding behavior consists of the tongue functioning as a pump. First, the tongue assists in acquisition of milk from the nipple into the oral cavity, and then it pumps milk from the oral cavity into the valleculae prior to the pharyngeal swallow. Starting with this basic model, feeding in infant pigs was manipulated to determine the impact of variation in sensory input on behavioral output. One set of experiments suggested that chemo- or liquid sensation, in the form of milk is necessary to elicit continuing rhythmic activity. However, the rates of rhythmic suckling are intrinsic to an animal, and variation in rate cannot be entrained. Another set showed that initiation of the swallow does not purely depend on the volume of milk delivered, but also on the sensory stimulation at the mouth. These results support the idea that feeding behavior involves complex sensory integration.

}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512646, title = {Volume and rate of milk delivery as determinants of swallowing in an infant model animal (Sus scrofia)}, journal = {Dysphagia}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, note = {

0179-051xJournal Article

}, month = {Summer}, pages = {147-54}, abstract = {

The volume transported into the valleculae by the rhythmic tongue movements of suckling is considered the prime factor for initiating pharyngeal swallowing (the movement of milk out of the valleculae and through the pharynx to the esophagus). This study addressed the impact of variation in two factors on sucking (oral phase) and on swallowing (pharyngeal phase) in infant pigs, as a model for mammalian function: (1) the delivery of different-volume aliquots of milk and (2) the delivery of equal-sized aliquots at different frequencies. The number of sucks per second remained constant with change in both aliquot volume and change in the frequency of milk delivery. However, while the number of swallows per second remained constant as delivery volume increased, it increased as delivery frequency increased. Conversely, swallow volume increased with both increase in aliquot volume and in the frequency of delivery. Piglets consequently initiated pharyngeal swallows with a highly variable amount of milk in the valleculae. We conclude that volume is only one factor initiating the pharyngeal swallow. The sensory stimulation of milk delivery to the anterior oral cavity is also a factor in determining the frequency of swallows and the volume of milk per swallow.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Suckling, Deglutition/*physiology, Milk Substitutes/*administration \& dosage, Models, Animal, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Sucking Behavior/*physiology, Sus scrofa}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Owerkowicz, T. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512466, title = {Control of jaw movements in the hairy-nosed wombat}, journal = {SICB Annual Meeting \& Exhibition Final Program}, volume = {146}, year = {2003}, note = {Using Smart Source ParsingMeeting.English}, pages = {146}, keywords = {and biochemistry, and oral system, Animalia, Dental and Oral System: Ingestion and, jaw movements, jaw: dental and oral system, skeletal system, Lasiorhinus latifrons: species, hairy-nosed, mandibular symphysis: dental, Phascolomidae: Animals, Chordates, Mammals,, Support, Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, [00520] General biology - Symposia,, [12002] Physiology - General, [18004] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and, [19004] Dental - Physiology and biochemistry, [86100] Phascolomidae, [86100] Phascolomidae, Marsupialia, Mammalia,}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E. and Owerkowicz, T.} } @article {512786, title = {Glycerol{\textquoteright}s off the menu for anemones}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {206}, number = {18}, year = {2003}, note = {755FRTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:1}, month = {Sep}, pages = {3116-3117}, isbn = {0022-0949}, author = {Lieberman, D. E. and Pearson, O. M. and Polk, J. D. and Demes, B. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512781, title = {Optimization of bone growth and remodeling in response to loading in tapered mammalian limbs}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {206}, number = {Pt 18}, year = {2003}, note = {227918050022-0949Journal Article}, month = {Sep}, pages = {3125-38}, abstract = {How bones respond dynamically to mechanical loading through changes in shape and structure is poorly understood, particularly with respect to variations between bones. Structurally, cortical bones adapt in vivo to their mechanical environments primarily by modulating two processes, modeling and Haversian remodeling. Modeling, defined here as the addition of new bone, may occur in response to mechanical stimuli by altering bone shape or size through growth. Haversian remodeling is thought to be an adaptation to repair microcracks or prevent microcrack propagation. Here, we examine whether cortical bone in sheep limbs modulates periosteal modeling and Haversian remodeling to optimize strength relative to mass in hind-limb midshafts in response to moderate levels of exercise at different growth stages. Histomorphometry was used to compare rates of periosteal growth and Haversian remodeling in exercised and sedentary treatment groups of juvenile, subadult and young adult sheep. In vivo strain data were also collected for the tibia and metatarsal midshafts of juvenile sheep. The results suggest that limb bones initially optimize responses to loading according to the varying power requirements associated with adding mass at different locations. In juveniles, exercise induces higher rates of periosteal modeling in proximal midshafts and higher rates of Haversian remodeling in distal midshafts. Consequently, distal element midshafts experience higher strains and, presumably, have lower safety factors. As animals age, periosteal modeling rates decline and Haversian remodeling rates increase, but moderate levels of mechanical loading stimulate neither process significantly.}, author = {Lieberman, D. E. and Pearson, O. M. and Polk, J. D. and Demes, B. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512851, title = {Scaling of respiratory turbinates and trachea in mammals and birds}, journal = {Sicb Annual Meeting \& Exhibition Final Program \& Abstracts}, year = {2003}, note = {Meeting.English}, pages = {267}, keywords = {Apodiformes: Animals, Birds, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, body mass, Cervidae: Animals, Artiodactyls, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, Chemical Coordination and Homeostasis, endothermy, evaporative water loss, hummingbird: common, bird [Apodiformes], metabolism, moose: common, mammal [Cervidae], mouse: common, mammal [Muridae], Muridae: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Rodents, Vertebrates, nasal cavity: respiratory system, ostrich: common, bird [Struthioniformes], respiratory rate, Respiratory System: Respiration, respiratory turbinates: respiratory system, surface area, resting metabolic rate, Struthioniformes: Animals, Birds, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, Temperature, trachea: respiratory system, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [12002] Physiology - General, [13002] Metabolism - General metabolism and metabolic pathways, [16004] Respiratory system - Physiology and biochemistry, [85506] Apodiformes, [85506] Apodiformes, Aves, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85566] Struthioniformes, [85566] Struthioniformes, Aves, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85725] Cervidae, [85725] Cervidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86375] Muridae, [86375] Muridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Owerkowicz, T. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512461, title = {Control of jaw movements in the hairy-nosed wombat}, journal = {Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1215}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E. and Owerkowicz, T.} } @article {512846, title = {Allometric scaling of respiratory turbinates and trachea in mammals and birds}, journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, volume = {21}, number = {3 Supplement}, year = {2001}, note = {Meeting.0272-4634English}, month = {22 August}, pages = {86A}, keywords = {allometric scaling, Aves: Animals, Birds, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, birds [Aves], Chemical Coordination and Homeostasis, counter-current heat exchange, cynodonts: Fossil [Reptilia], dinosaurs: Fossil [Reptilia], ectothermy, endothermy, Evolution and Adaptation, evolutionary trends, mammal [Mammalia], Mammalia: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, meeting abstract, neck: length, paleobiological implications, Reptilia: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, respiratory rates, Respiratory System: Respiration, respiratory turbinate: RTs, respiratory system, surface area, resting metabolic rate [RMR], thermoregulation, trachea: respiratory system, compensatory modifications, surface area, water exchange, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [01500] Evolution, [12002] Physiology - General, [16004] Respiratory system - Physiology and biochemistry, [62516] Chordata: general and systematic - Reptilia, [62518] Chordata: general and systematic - Aves, [62520] Chordata: general and systematic - Mammalia, [63000] Paleozoology, [85400] Reptilia, [85400] Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85500] Aves, [85500] Aves, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85700] Mammalia, [85700] Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512791, title = {Cranial structures of mammaliaform Hadrocodium and origins of the mammalian characteristics}, journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, volume = {21}, number = {3 Supplement}, year = {2001}, note = {Meeting.0272-4634English}, month = {22 August}, pages = {75A}, keywords = {brain: nervous system, cranial structures, derived features, ear: sensory system, Evolution and Adaptation, feeding guilds, Hadrocodium: Fossil [Mammalia], jaw: dental and oral system, skeletal system, Mammalia: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, mammalian characteristics, mandible: dental and oral system, skeletal system, meeting abstract, Morganucodon: Fossil [Reptilia], Paleobiology, Reptilia: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, Sinoconodon: Fossil [Triconodonta], Skeletal System: Movement and Support, skull: skeletal system, size, Triconodonta: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, trophic diversity, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [01500] Evolution, [18004] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Physiology and biochemistry, [19004] Dental - Physiology and biochemistry, [20004] Sense organs - Physiology and biochemistry, [20504] Nervous system - Physiology and biochemistry, [62516] Chordata: general and systematic - Reptilia, [62520] Chordata: general and systematic - Mammalia, [63000] Paleozoology, [64500] Paleobiology, [64720] Geological periods - Jurassic, [85400] Reptilia, [85400] Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85700] Mammalia, [85700] Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86460] Triconodonta, [86460] Triconodonta, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Luo, Zhe-Xi and Crompton, A. W. and Ai-lin Sun} } @inbook {512796, title = {Inner ear and its bony housing in tritylodonts and implications for evolution of mammaliaform ear.}, booktitle = {Studies in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology in Honor of of A. W. Crompton}, volume = {156}, year = {2001}, pages = {81-97}, publisher = {Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology}, organization = {Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Luo, Z. X.}, editor = {Jenkins Jr., F. A. and Owerkowicz, T. and Shapiro, M. D.} } @article {512671, title = {Neural basis of swallowing in infants}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, year = {2001}, note = {Meeting.0362-2525English}, pages = {June, 2001}, keywords = {brainstem: nervous system, cerebrum: nervous, Dental and Oral System: Ingestion and, esophagus: digestive, food movement, Ingestion and Assimilation, Nervous System:, Neural control, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, pig: infant [Suidae], Respiratory system, Suidae: Animals, Artiodactyls, Chordates,, swallowing, system, [00520] General biology - Symposia,, [14004] Digestive system - Physiology and, [16004] Respiratory system - Physiology and, [19004] Dental - Physiology and biochemistry, [20504] Nervous system - Physiology and, [85740] Suidae, [85740] Suidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512811, title = {A new mammaliaform from the early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics}, journal = {Science}, volume = {292}, number = {5521}, year = {2001}, note = {

212697020036-8075Journal Article

}, month = {May 25}, pages = {1535-40}, abstract = {

A fossil from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian, approximately 195 million years ago) represents a new lineage of mammaliaforms, the extinct groups more closely related to the living mammals than to nonmammaliaform cynodonts. It has an enlarged cranial cavity, but no postdentary trough on the mandible, indicating separation of the middle ear bones from the mandible. This extends the earliest record of these crucial mammalian features by some 45 million years and suggests that separation of the middle ear bones from the mandible and the expanded brain vault could be correlated. It shows that several key mammalian evolutionary innovations in the ear region, the temporomandibular joint, and the brain vault evolved incrementally through mammaliaform evolution and long before the differentiation of the living mammal groups. With an estimated body weight of only 2 grams, its coexistence with other larger mammaliaforms with similar "triconodont-like" teeth for insectivory within the same fauna suggests a great trophic diversity within the mammaliaform insectivore feeding guild, as inferred from the range of body sizes.

}, keywords = {*Evolution, *Fossils, *Mammals/anatomy \& histology/classification, *Vertebrates/anatomy \& histology/classification, Animal, Body Constitution, Body Weight, China, Ear Ossicles/anatomy \& histology, Ear/anatomy \& histology, Mandible/anatomy \& histology, Phylogeny, Skull/anatomy \& histology, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Temporomandibular Joint/anatomy \& histology}, author = {Luo, Z. X. and Crompton, A. W. and Sun, A. L.} } @inbook {512666, title = {The ontogeny of feeding in mammals}, booktitle = {Feeding: form, function and evolution in tetrapod vertebrates}, year = {2000}, pages = {359-408}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J.}, editor = {Schwenk, K.} } @article {512776, title = {Why fuse the mandibular symphysis? A comparative analysis}, journal = {American Journal Physical Anthropology}, volume = {112}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, note = {203785790002-9483Journal ArticleReviewReview, Tutorial}, month = {Aug}, pages = {517-40}, abstract = {Fused symphyses, which evolved independently in several mammalian taxa, including anthropoids, are stiffer and stronger than unfused symphyses. This paper tests the hypothesis that orientations of tooth movements during occlusion are the primary basis for variations in symphyseal fusion. Mammals whose teeth have primarily dorsally oriented occlusal trajectories and/or rotate their mandibles during occlusion will not benefit from symphyseal fusion because it prevents independent mandibular movements and because unfused symphyses transfer dorsally oriented forces with equal efficiency; mammals with predominantly transverse power strokes are predicted to benefit from symphyseal fusion or greatly restricted mediolateral movement at the symphysis in order to increase force transfer efficiency across the symphysis in the transverse plane. These hypotheses are tested with comparative data on symphyseal and occlusal morphology in several mammals, and with kinematic and EMG analyses of mastication in opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and goats (Capra hircus) that are compared with published data on chewing in primates. Among mammals, symphyseal fusion or a morphology that greatly restricts movement correlates significantly with occlusal orientation: species with more transversely oriented occlusal planes tend to have fused symphyses. The ratio of working- to balancing-side adductor muscle force in goats and opossums is close to 1:1, as in macaques, but goats and opossums have mandibles that rotate independently during occlusion, and have predominantly vertically oriented tooth movements during the power stroke. Symphyseal fusion is therefore most likely an adaptation for increasing the efficiency of transfer of transversely oriented occlusal forces in mammals whose mandibles do not rotate independently during the power stroke.}, keywords = {*Adaptation, Physiological, *Maxillofacial Development, Animal, Biomechanics, Comparative Study, Dental Occlusion, Electromyography/veterinary, Goats/*anatomy \& histology, Mammals/*anatomy \& histology, Mandible/*anatomy \& histology, Masticatory Muscles/growth \& development/physiology, Models, Biological, Muscle Development, Opossums/*anatomy \& histology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.}, author = {Lieberman, D. E. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512966, title = {New studies of enamel microstructure in Mesozoic mammals: A review of enamel prisms as a mammalian synapomorphy}, journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, note = {Article.1064-7554English}, month = {June}, pages = {177-213}, abstract = {Characters from enamel microstructure have not been used in recent phylogenetic analyses of Mesozoic Mammalia. Reasons are that enamel characters have been perceived as (A) variable without regard to systematic position of taxa, (B) inconsistently reported within the literature, and (C) simply scored as either prismatic or not prismatic in earlier mammals. Our work on Mesozoic mammals such as Sinoconodon, Gobiconodon, Triconodontidae, Docodon, Laolestes, and others suggests that synapsid columnar enamel (SCE) structure was easily transformed into plesiomorphic prismatic enamel (PPE) and that PPE may be described with at least five independent character states. Two PPE characters-a flat, open prism sheath and a planar prism seam-were present in the cynodont Pachygenelus and in several Jurassic and Cretaceous mammals. We propose that appearance of a prism sheath transforms SCE into PPE and that reduction and loss of a prism sheath reverse PPE into SCE, in both phylogeny an!}, keywords = {Dental and Oral System: Ingestion and Assimilation, Docodon: Fossil [Triconodonta], enamel: dental and oral system, microstructure, prismatic, Evolution and Adaptation, Fossil, genetic potential, Gobiconodon: Fossil [Triconodonta], Mammalia: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, mammals [Mammalia], Pachygenelus: Fossil [Reptilia], Paleobiology, Phylogeny, Reptilia: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, Sinoconodon: Fossil [Triconodonta], synapomorphy, Triconodonta: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, Triconodontidae: Fossil [Triconodonta], [01500] Evolution, [03506] Genetics - Animal, [19001] Dental - General and methods, [62520] Chordata: general and systematic - Mammalia, [63000] Paleozoology, [85400] Reptilia, [85400] Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85700] Mammalia, [85700] Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86460] Triconodonta, [86460] Triconodonta, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Wood, C. B. and Dumont, E. R. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512771, title = {Temporomandibular translation in non-human primates and hominids}, year = {1999}, note = {Suppl. 28}, pages = {184-184}, author = {Lieberman, D. E. and Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512926, title = {The control of swallowing}, booktitle = {The Scientific Basis of Eating, Frontiers of Oral Biology}, volume = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {168-222}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Linden, R.W.A.} } @article {512661, title = {The coordination and interaction between respiration and deglutition in young pigs}, journal = {J Comp Physiol [A]}, volume = {182}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, note = {981919730340-7594Journal Article}, month = {Apr}, pages = {539-47}, abstract = {The anatomical pathways for inspired air and ingested food cross in the pharynx of mammals, implying that breathing and swallowing must be separated either in space or in time. In this study we investigated the time relationship between swallowing and respiration in young pigs, as a model for suckling mammals. Despite the high morphological position of the larynx in young mammals, allowing liquid to pass in food channels lateral to the larynx, respiration and swallowing are not wholly independent events. Although, when suckling on a veterinary teat, the swallows occurred at various points in the respiratory cycle, there was always a period of apnea associated with the swallow. Finally, an increase in the viscosity of the milk altered this coordination, changing respiratory cycle length and also restricting the relative rate at which swallows occurred in some parts of the respiratory cycle. These results suggest that the subsequent changes in respiratory activity at weaning, associated with passage of a solid bolus over the larynx, is preceded by the ability of the animal to alter coordination between respiration and swallowing for a liquid bolus.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Suckling, Body Temperature/physiology, Deglutition/*physiology, Female, Milk/physiology, Nasal Cavity/physiology, Plethysmography, Respiratory Mechanics/*physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swine, Viscosity}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J.} } @inbook {512766, title = {Responses of bone to stress: constraints on symmorphosis}, booktitle = {Principles of Animal Design}, year = {1998}, pages = {78-86}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Lieberman, D. E. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Weibel, E. R. and Taylor, C. R. and Bolis, Liana} } @article {512931, title = {Transition from suckling to drinking at weaning: a kinematic and electromyographic study in miniature pigs}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology}, volume = {280}, number = {5}, year = {1998}, note = {

981644030022-104xJournal Article

}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {327-43}, abstract = {

The movements of the tongue, hyoid, and jaw were recorded cineradiographically in preweaning pigs as they suckled bariumized milk from a veterinary teat or drank it from a bowl. The movements were quantified by measuring the X, Y coordinates of radioopaque markers embedded in the tongue and attached to both jaws and to the hyoid. EMG activity in masseter, anterior digastric, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, sternohyoid, stylohyoid, and omohyoid muscles was recorded synchronously with cineradiography at 100 frames/sec. In both suckling and drinking, the movements were characterized by minimal movements of the jaw and hyoid but extensive movements of the tongue. In suckling, the movements were largely confined to the midposterior part of the tongue. A seal was formed between the posterior tongue and soft palate while a depression formed in the mid-tongue; this was associated with fluid moving into the depression probably because of a reduced intraoral pressure. The depression was associated with increased EMG activity in the genioglossus muscle and overlapping activity in digastric, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and sternohyoid muscles. In drinking cycles, significant movement occurred in all parts of the tongue; milk ingestion was associated with tongue movements that combined elements characteristic both of suckling (mid-tongue depression with a posterior seal) and of lapping (extensive anteroposterior movements within the tongue itself). In drinking, compared to suckling, there was a major reduction in EMG activity in masseter, digastric, geniohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles. After milk had accumulated in the valleculae, swallows usually occurred in every other cycle during suckling and in every third or fourth cycle during drinking. The emptying of the valleculae was an event that was embedded in the early jaw-opening phase of an otherwise normal suckling or drinking cycle. Emptying of the valleculae was associated with posteriorly directed movement of the back of the tongue and increased EMG activity in hyoglossus, styloglossus, and omohyoid muscles. No differences were noted in the kinematics associated with swallowing in the two activities, but, in the normalized and averaged EMG data, there were significant differences in the timing of genioglossus activity and in the relative balance of hyoglossal and stylohyoid activity.

}, keywords = {*Weaning, Animal, Animals, Suckling, Barium, Drinking Behavior/*physiology, Electromyography, Facial Muscles/*physiology, Jaw/*physiology, Masticatory Muscles/*physiology, Milk, Movement, Posture, Sucking Behavior/*physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swine, Swine, Miniature, Tongue/physiology}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W. and German, R. Z.} } @article {512626, title = {Determinants of rhythm and rate in suckling}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology}, volume = {278}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, note = {972818710022-104xJournal Article}, month = {May 1}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {Suckling was studied in infant miniature pigs to determine (a) the necessary stimulus for eliciting rhythmic behavior and (b) whether the rhythm of the feeding movements could be entrained with a rhythmic pulsed delivery of milk. The animals fed on an automated milk delivery system, which supplied pulses of milk either at fixed, predetermined rates or on demand. The rhythm of the suckling response was quantified from the teat pressure changes produced by the animal, which were highly correlated with jaw movement. Suckling frequency was measured as the dominant frequency in the teat pressure wave, determined by fast Fourier transform. When each animal was allowed to determine its own rate of milk delivery, the preferred frequency of suckling was approximately 3.8 Hz. When animals attempted to suckle on the teat but milk was not delivered, suckling was erratic and arrhythmic. The first aliquot of milk delivered to the animal elicited rhythmic suckling at approximately 4.6 Hz, which was maintained when milk was delivered at a range of fixed rates (0.2-0.56 Hz) an order of magnitude below the preferred suckling frequency. When milk was delivered at a fixed rate (2.0-5.6 Hz) close to the animals{\textquoteright} preferred rhythm, suckling proceeded at a lower frequency (3.9 Hz) than when the milk was delivered at the much lower rate. However, variation in the delivery rate (2.0-5.6 Hz) did not cause a significant difference in the suckling frequency. These findings provided evidence against entrainment. The higher suckling frequency elicited by the slower delivery rate was suggestive of a negative feedback loop; in the infant/sow relationship, such a mechanism could favor a particular volume delivery per unit time.}, keywords = {*Periodicity, Animal, Animals, Newborn/*physiology/psychology, Animals, Suckling/*physiology/psychology, Feeding Behavior/*physiology/psychology, Jaw/physiology/radiography, Movement/physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swine/*physiology/psychology}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Hertweck, D. W. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512841, title = {Effects of exercise and diet on bone-building: A monitor case}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, volume = {232}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, note = {Meeting.0362-2525English}, pages = {306}, keywords = {bone deposition, bone growth, circum lamellar bone, Diet, endothermy, exercise, locomotion, monitor lizard, Nutrition, Sauria: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, Skeletal System, Skeletal System: Movement and Support, Varanus exanthematicus [Sauria], [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [12010] Physiology - Exercise and physical therapy, [12100] Movement, [13202] Nutrition - General studies, nutritional status and methods, [18002] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Anatomy, [18004] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Physiology and biochemistry, [85408] Sauria, [85408] Sauria, Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Owerkowicz, T. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512886, title = {Growth and remodelling of the avian hind limb skeleton}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, volume = {232}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, note = {Meeting.0362-2525English}, pages = {322}, keywords = {Development, energy cost, femur, Galliformes: Animals, Birds, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, growth, guinea fowl, hind limb skeleton, mechanical loading, Meleagris gallopavo [Galliformes], metabolism, Numida meleagris [Galliformes], remodelling, Skeletal System, Skeletal System: Movement and Support, tarsometatarsus, tibiotarsus, turkey [Galliformes], [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [11318] Chordate body regions - Extremities, [13003] Metabolism - Energy and respiratory metabolism, [18004] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Physiology and biochemistry, [25508] Development and Embryology - Morphogenesis, [85536] Galliformes, [85536] Galliformes, Aves, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Shapiro, M. D. and Robinson, E. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512921, title = {Intraoral pressures in the suckling pig}, volume = {505P}, year = {1997}, note = {Sp. Iss. SI}, month = {Dec}, pages = {72P-72P}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512356, title = {Mechanisms of swallowing and airway protection in infant mammals (Sus domesticus and Macaca fascicularis)}, journal = {J. Zool. Lond.}, volume = {241}, year = {1997}, note = {Part 1}, month = {Jan}, pages = {89-102}, abstract = {Protection of the airway, necessary for continued respiration, is a problem for mammals because of the relative positions of the oesophageal and laryngeal openings in the pharynx. In human infants, and all other mammals, infant and adult, the epiglottis contacts the posterior surface of the soft palate, providing a continuous passage from the nasopharynx to larynx. The function and movements of the epiglottis during swallows are debated as to whether the epiglottis bends to protect the airway or remains erect and leaves the airway open during the swallow. Using high-speed cineradiography, we examined swallows in detail for a precocious infant, Sus domesticus, the miniature pig, and the more altrical primate, Macaca fascicularis,is. Infant pigs swallowed in two different ways: down the midline of the oropharynx, over a bent epiglottis, and laterally, around an erect epiglottis, and presumably open airway. The epiglottis of infant macaques never bent, and milk always travelled laterally,through the pyriform recesses and around the larynx. The macaque airway was closed superiorily, however, when the soft palate sealed against the posterior pharyngeal wall. A hypothesis that could account for this pattern of swallowing involves an ontogenetic change from swallows travelling laterally through the pyriform recesses in young infants to swallows travelling over a bent epiglottis in more mature infants. This change would accompany maturation associated with weaning and the need to protect the airway from the larger and less fluid boluses of masticated solid food.}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and German, R. Z. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512641, title = {Coordination between respiration and deglutition in a preterm infant mammal, Sus scrofa}, journal = {Arch Oral BiolArchives of Oral Biology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, note = {970919880003-9969Journal Article}, month = {Jun}, pages = {619-22}, abstract = {In adult mammals, the path of a swallowed bolus of solid food crosses the laryngeal opening, so that coordination between respiration and deglutition is critical for airway protection. The nature of such coordination in preterm, low-birth-weight infants with immature nervous systems, is not clear. Using preterm pigs as a model, two measures of respiration were recorded and then coordinated with a high-resolution cineradiographic record of swallowing. Swallows, divided into three distinct events, began before inhalation ended, but expiration did not start until after the milk had passed around the laryngeal opening. These results support the idea that a high degree of coordination between swallowing and respiration exists in preterm infant pigs, although other aspects of the nervous system have not fully matured.}, keywords = {Animal, Cineradiography, Deglutition/*physiology, Disease Models, Animal, Human, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Larynx/physiology/radiography, Nervous System Physiology, Nose/physiology, Pharynx/innervation/physiology/radiography, Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology, Respiration/*physiology, Sucking Behavior/physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swine, Swine, Miniature}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and McCluskey, C. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512836, title = {Growth, modelling and remodelling in the bones of varanids}, journal = {American ZoologistAmerican Zoologist}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, note = {Meeting.0003-1569English}, pages = {75A}, keywords = {activity, bone, Climatology: Environmental Sciences, Development, Ecology: Environmental Sciences, growth, Mathematical Biology: Computational Biology, metabolism, modelling, models and simulations, Models and Simulations: Computational Biology, resting metabolic rate, Sauria [Sauria], Sauria: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, seasonality, Skeletal System, Skeletal System: Movement and Support, Systematics and Taxonomy, Temperature, varanids, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [04500] Mathematical biology and statistical methods, [07504] Ecology: environmental biology - Bioclimatology and biometeorology, [07508] Ecology: environmental biology - Animal, [10515] Biophysics - Biocybernetics, [12100] Movement, [13003] Metabolism - Energy and respiratory metabolism, [18004] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Physiology and biochemistry, [25508] Development and Embryology - Morphogenesis, [62516] Chordata: general and systematic - Reptilia, [85408] Sauria, [85408] Sauria, Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Owerkowicz, T. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512611, title = {Ontogeny of suckling mechanisms in opossums (Didelphis virginiana)}, journal = {Brain Behav EvolBrain Behavior and Evolution}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, note = {970261410006-8977Journal Article}, pages = {157-64}, abstract = {Although adult mammals have several different mechanisms for drinking liquids, relatively little is known about the variation in mechanisms used by infants for suckling and how the mechanics of suckling change as a function of ontogeny. We examined suckling in infant opossums, animals that as adults use a lapping mechanism to drink. The youngest infants (45 days old) used a suction, pumping mechanism, based on dorsal/ventral tongue movements, similar to what has been documented in infant primates and pigs. However, slightly older infants (66 days old), when removed from their mother, used a lapping or licking mechanism that is closer to the anterior/posterior tongue movements that adult opossums use during drinking. Littermates remaining with the mother continued to use the pumping mechanism observed in the youngest animals. These older animals lacked teeth and were not physiologically mature enough to live independently of their mothers. We conclude that the neural controls for two distinct feeding mechanisms exist simultaneously in infant opossums and that the change from a suckling, infantile motor pattern to an adult lapping one is not strictly a temporal change.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Newborn/*physiology, Behavior, Animal/*physiology, Drinking Behavior/*physiology, Opossums, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512831, title = {Bone of contention in the evolution of endothermy}, journal = {Journal of Vertebrate PaleontologyJournal of Vertebrate Paleontology}, volume = {15}, number = {3 SUPPL.}, year = {1995}, note = {Meeting.0272-4634English}, pages = {47A}, keywords = {dinosaur [Reptilia], Ecology: Environmental Sciences, Erinaceidae: Animals, Chordates, Insectivores, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, Evolution and Adaptation, Fossil, ground squirrel [Sciuridae], hedgehog [Erinaceidae], meeting abstract, Paleobiology, physiology, Reptilia [Reptilia], Reptilia: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, Sauria [Sauria], Sauria: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, SAVANNAH MONITOR, Sciuridae: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Rodents, Vertebrates, therapsid [Vertebrata], TREADMILL, Vertebrata: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, [01500] Evolution, [07508] Ecology: environmental biology - Animal, [23010] Temperature - Thermoadaptation, [63000] Paleozoology, [85150] Vertebrata, [85150] Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85400] Reptilia, [85400] Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85408] Sauria, [85408] Sauria, Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86000] Erinaceidae, [86000] Erinaceidae, Insectivora, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86405] Sciuridae, [86405] Sciuridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512806, title = {Evolutionary Origins of the Mammalian Promontorium and Cochlea}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, month = {Mar 14}, pages = {113-121}, abstract = {Mammals have two apomorphies in the ear region: an elongated cochlear canal and an eminence on the tympanic side of the cochlear housing, known as the petrosal promontorium. In nonmammalian cynodonts, the cochlear recess is shorter, smaller, and oriented more medially than the mammalian cochlear canal; their cochlear housing is formed by the prootic, opisthotic, and basisphenoid. New fossil materials of two early mammals, Adelobasileus and Sinoconodon, reveal evidence on the evolutionary transformation of the mammalian cochlear canal and bony cochlear housing. Adelobasileus is more derived than any known non-mammalian cynodont in possessing an incipient promontorium, but more primitive than other mammals in retaining a vestigial basisphenoid wing. Sinoconodon has a fully developed petrosal promontorium but a short cochlea that extends only one third of the promontorium length. The cochlear canal of Morganucodon is twice as long as that of Sinoconodon, relative to both skull and promontorium. More derived mammals, such as Haldanodon and multituberculates, have an even longer cochlear canal. We propose that the promontorium transformed by expansion of the petrosal bone at the expense of the basisphenoid (probably also the basioccipital) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals. This change in ossification of the cochlear housing. resulted in a re-orientation of the cochlea and a better acoustic insulation of the inner ear. The mosaic of a fully developed promontorium and a short cochlear canal in Sinoconodon suggests that the formation of the promontorium preceded (and thus may be necessary for) the elongation of the mammalian cochlea.}, author = {Luo, Z. X. and Crompton, A. W. and Lucas, S. G.} } @article {512951, title = {Latency of the jaw-opening reflex in the premature, preweaning and adolescent pig (hanford strain miniature pig, Sus scrofa)}, journal = {Arch Oral BiolArchives of Oral Biology}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, year = {1995}, note = {970033210003-9969Journal Article}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1133-5}, abstract = {The jaw-opening (digastric) reflex was elicited by electrical stimulation of oral mucosa in miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) varying in age from 5 days premature to 101 days post-term. The latency of reflex electromyographic activity varied between 12-14 ms in the most immature animals and 9-11 ms in the oldest animals. The very long-latency digastric responses found in the immature young of nesting mammals were not seen in the relatively precocious young of this species.}, keywords = {Aging/*physiology, Animal, Animals, Newborn, Animals, Suckling, Bottle Feeding, Electric Stimulation, Electromyography, Food, Mandible/*physiology, Mouth Mucosa/physiology, Neck Muscles/*physiology, Reaction Time, Reflex/*physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swine, Swine, Miniature, Tongue/physiology, Weaning}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512321, title = {Masticatory function in nonmammalian cynodonts and early mammals}, booktitle = {Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Thomason, J.} } @article {512656, title = {Rhythmic response to milk delivery during mammalian suckling}, journal = {American ZoologistAmerican Zoologist}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, note = {Meeting.0003-1569English}, pages = {59A}, keywords = {Behavior, Biosynchronization, Development, meeting abstract, minipig [Suidae], Nutrition, Reproductive System: Reproduction, Suidae: Animals, Artiodactyls, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [07003] Behavioral biology - Animal behavior, [07200] Circadian rhythms and other periodic cycles, [12100] Movement, [13202] Nutrition - General studies, nutritional status and methods, [15010] Blood - Other body fluids, [16504] Reproductive system - Physiology and biochemistry, [25000] Pediatrics, [85740] Suidae, [85740] Suidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J.} } @proceedings {512431, title = {The role of a mobile mandibular symphysis in mammals (abstract)}, year = {1995}, pages = {417}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Lieberman, D. E.}, editor = {Radlanski, RG and Renz, Herbert} } @inbook {512896, title = {A study of enamel organization, from reptiles to mammals.}, booktitle = {Aspects of Dental Biology: Paleontology, Anthropology and Evolution}, year = {1995}, pages = {1-25}, publisher = {International Institute for the Study of Man}, organization = {International Institute for the Study of Man}, address = {Florence}, author = {Stern, D. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Moggi-Cecchi, J} } @inbook {512566, title = {Differential wear of enamel: a mechanism for maintaining sharp cutting edges}, booktitle = {Biomechanics of feeding in Vertebrates}, series = {Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {321-346}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, edition = {1}, address = {Belgium}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Wood, C. B. and Stern, D.N.}, editor = {Bels, VL and Chardon M and Vandewalle, P} } @article {512606, title = {Integration of swallowing and respiration in infant mammals}, journal = {Journal of MorphologyJournal of Morphology}, volume = {220}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, note = {Meeting.0362-2525English}, pages = {348}, keywords = {Cercopithecidae: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Primates, Primates, Vertebrates, Dental and Oral System: Ingestion and Assimilation, Development, epiglottis, feeding cycle, macaque [Cercopithecidae], meeting abstract, nasopharynx, Nutrition, oropharyngeal anatomy, pig [Suidae], Respiratory System: Respiration, Suidae: Animals, Artiodactyls, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [13202] Nutrition - General studies, nutritional status and methods, [16002] Respiratory system - Anatomy, [16004] Respiratory system - Physiology and biochemistry, [19002] Dental - Anatomy, [19004] Dental - Physiology and biochemistry, [25508] Development and Embryology - Morphogenesis, [85740] Suidae, [85740] Suidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86205] Cercopithecidae, [86205] Cercopithecidae, Primates, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512141, title = {A juvenile propainognathid cynodont skull from Ischigualasto formation and the origin of mammals}, journal = {Revista del Museo de Ciencias NaturalesRevista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales}, volume = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {1-12}, author = {Bonaparte, J.F. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512691, title = {Tongue, palate, hyoid and the capacity for speech}, journal = {American Journal of Physical AnthropologyAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology}, volume = {0(Suppl 18)}, number = {SUPPL. 18}, year = {1994}, note = {Meeting.0002-9483English}, pages = {107}, keywords = {Anthropology, Behavior, Cercopithecidae: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Nonhuman Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Primates, Primates, Vertebrates, Dental and Oral System: Ingestion and Assimilation, feeding, Hominidae: Animals, Chordates, Humans, Mammals, Primates, Vertebrates, Homo sapiens [Hominidae], laryngeal position, Macaca fascicularis [Cercopithecidae], meeting abstract, Nutrition, physiology, Sense Organs: Sensory Reception, [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [05000] Physical anthropology and ethnobiology, [07003] Behavioral biology - Animal behavior, [07004] Behavioral biology - Human behavior, [12003] Physiology - Comparative, [13202] Nutrition - General studies, nutritional status and methods, [19002] Dental - Anatomy, [19004] Dental - Physiology and biochemistry, [20004] Sense organs - Physiology and biochemistry, [20008] Sense organs - Deafness, speech and hearing, [86205] Cercopithecidae, [86205] Cercopithecidae, Primates, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86215] Hominidae, [86215] Hominidae, Primates, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Hiiemae, Karen and Palmer, J. B. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512801, title = {Transformation of the Quadrate (Incus) through the Transition from Nonmammalian Cynodonts to Mammals}, journal = {J Vert Paleo}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {Sep 7}, pages = {341-374}, abstract = {

The quadrate (incus) bone underwent important evolutionary transformations through the cynodont-mammal transition. The following character transformations played crucial roles in modifying the cynodont quadrate into the mammalian incus: 1) progressively greater rotation of the dorsal plate relative to the trochlea; 2) the contact facet of the dorsal plate becomes concave; 3) development of a constricted neck between the dorsal plate and the trochlea; 4) simplification of the quadrate-cranium joint, resulting in better mobility of the joint; and 5) introduction of a stapedial process (crus longum). The dorsal plate rotation, the concave contact facet, the constricted neck, the mobile joint of the quadrate and the cranium are also present in some advanced non-mammalian cynodonts. Broad phylogenetic distributions of these features suggest that the major features of the incus of early mammals, as represented by Morganucodon, originated much earlier in phylogenetic history among non-mammalian cynodonts. Apomorphies of the quadrate (incus) among the advanced non-mammalian cynodonts favor a sister-group relationship of tritheledontids and mammals. The hypothesis on the postdentary origin of the mammalian tympanic membrane is favored by transformation of the quadrate through the cynodont-mammal transition. Three most important modifications of the quadrate (incus) through the cynodont-mammal transition are: formation of the concave contact facet, progressively greater rotation of the dorsal plate, and decrease in the number of cranial bones articulating with the quadrate. These modifications would simplify the quadrate-cranial joint and increase the mobility of the quadrate (incus) relative to the cranium while a functioning tympanic membrane was maintained on the mandible, improving the sensitivity of the postdentary tympanum. Probainognathus is among the earliest known non-mammalian cynodonts with a concave contact facet and a rotated dorsal plate in the quadrate. Thus we hypothesize that it represents a critical step in the phylogenetic transformation that led to the origin of the modern mammalian middle ear and tympanic membrane.

}, author = {Luo, Z. X. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512316, title = {Bone remodeling in response to naturally occurring mechanical stress}, journal = {American ZoologistAmerican Zoologist}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, note = {Meeting.0003-1569English}, pages = {103A}, keywords = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, cortical bone cancellous bone, Development, Didelphidae: Animals, Chordates, Mammals, Marsupials, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, Diet, Erinaceidae: Animals, Chordates, Insectivores, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, exercise, Galliformes: Animals, Birds, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates, hedgehog [Erinaceidae], meeting abstract, Morphology, Nutrition, opossum [Didelphidae], physiology, Sauria [Sauria], Sauria: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, Vertebrates, shrew [Soricidae], Skeletal System: Movement and Support, Soricidae: Animals, Chordates, Insectivores, Mammals, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Nonhuman Mammals, Vertebrates, strain, varanids, wild turkey [Galliformes], [00520] General biology - Symposia, transactions and proceedings, [10502] Biophysics - General, [10612] External effects - Physical and mechanical effect, [11103] Anatomy and Histology - Comparative anatomy, [12003] Physiology - Comparative, [12010] Physiology - Exercise and physical therapy, [13214] Nutrition - General dietary studies, [18001] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - General and methods, [18002] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Anatomy, [18004] Bones, joints, fasciae, connective and adipose tissue - Physiology and biochemistry, [25508] Development and Embryology - Morphogenesis, [85408] Sauria, [85408] Sauria, Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85536] Galliformes, [85536] Galliformes, Aves, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86000] Erinaceidae, [86000] Erinaceidae, Insectivora, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86020] Soricidae, [86020] Soricidae, Insectivora, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86070] Didelphidae, [86070] Didelphidae, Marsupialia, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512476, title = {Relationships of the Liassic mammals, Sinoconodon, Morganucodonoehleri and Dinnetherium}, booktitle = {Phylogeny of Mammals}, year = {1993}, pages = {4-44}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {New York}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Luo, Z. X.}, editor = {Szalay, Frederick S. and Novacek, Michael J. and McKenna, Malcolm C.} } @article {512861, title = {Coordination of mastication and swallowing}, journal = {DysphagiaDysphagia}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, note = {930481980179-051xJournal Article}, pages = {187-200}, abstract = {The coordination of mastication, oral transport, and swallowing was examined during intake of solids and liquids in four normal subjects. Videofluorography (VFG) and electromyography (EMG) were recorded simultaneously while subjects consumed barium-impregnated foods. Intramuscular electrodes were inserted in the masseter, suprahyoid, and infrahyoid muscles. Ninety-four swallows were analyzed frame-by-frame for timing of bolus transport, swallowing, and phases of the masticatory gape cycle. Barium entered the pharynx a mean of 1.1 s (range -0.3 to 6.4 s) before swallow onset. This interval varied significantly among foods and was shortest for liquids. A bolus of food reached the valleculae prior to swallow onset in 37\% of sequences, but most of the food was in the oral cavity at the onset of swallowing. Nearly all swallows started during the intercuspal (minimum gape) phase of the masticatory cycle. Selected sequences were analyzed further by computer, using an analog-to-digital convertor (for EMG) and frame grabber (for VFG). When subjects chewed solid food, there were loosley linked cycles of jaw and hyoid motion. A preswallow bolus of chewed food was transported from the oral cavity to the oropharynx by protraction (movement forward and upward) of the tongue and hyoid bone. The tongue compressed the food against the palate and squeezed a portion into the pharynx one or more cycles prior to swallowing. This protraction was produced by contraction of the geniohyoid and anterior digastric muscles, and occurred during the intercuspal (minimum gape) and opening phases of the masticatory cycle. The mechanism of preswallow transport was highly similar to the oral phase of swallowing. Alternation of jaw adductor and abductor activity during mastication provided a framework for integration of chewing, transport, and swallowing.}, keywords = {Adult, Deglutition/*physiology, Drinking/physiology, Eating/physiology, Electromyography, Female, Human, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mastication/*physiology, Masticatory Muscles/physiology, Middle Age, Mouth/*physiology, Neck Muscles/physiology, Pharynx/*physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Time Factors}, author = {Palmer, J. B. and Rudin, N. J. and Lara, G. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512636, title = {The mechanism of suckling in two species of infant mammal: miniature pigs and long-tailed macaques}, journal = {J Exp ZoolJournal of Experimental Zoology}, volume = {261}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, note = {923332110022-104xJournal Article}, month = {Mar 1}, pages = {322-30}, abstract = {Suckling is the form of feeding unique to infant mammals. The mechanism used by infant mammals to withdraw liquid from the nipple is the subject of considerable debate. Suckling has been examined in two species of infant mammals: miniature pigs and long-tailed macaques. In both species radio-opaque markers were inserted into the tongue and jaws; the movements of the jaw and tongue (and also of specific regions within the tongue) plus the movement of milk containing barium were studied by high-speed cineradiography (100 and 150 frames/sec). In the case of macaques, simultaneous pressure transducer recordings were also made. In both species, liquid moved out of the nipple as the intraoral space was expanded by a combination of tongue movement (negative pressure pumping) coupled with jaw opening. There was no evidence for expression (positive pressure on the nipple) in either species, strongly supporting the view that a suction mechanism is responsible for acquisition of milk from the nipple. Subsequent intraoral transport was different in the two species. The pigs used a second pump mechanism at the base of the tongue to transport liquid through the pillars of the fauces into the valleculae. The monkeys used a "squeeze-back" mechanism similar to the transport mechanism documented for adult macaques. Further work with other species can test our tentative hypothesis that all mammals use a negative pressure suction for acquisition, but, as is true for adult mammals, infants may use different transport mechanisms to form and move the bolus.}, keywords = {Animal, Comparative Study, Macaca fascicularis, Radiography/methods, Species Specificity, Sucking Behavior/*physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swine, Swine, Miniature, Video Recording/methods}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Levitch, L. C. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512741, title = {Muscle force recruitment and biomechanical modeling: an analysis of masseter muscle function during mastication in Macaca fascicularis}, journal = {Am J Phys AnthropolAmerican Journal Physical Anthropology}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, note = {923520320002-9483Journal Article}, month = {Jul}, pages = {365-87}, abstract = {The main purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that as subjects chew with increasing levels of force, the ratio of the working- to balancing-side jaw-muscle force (W/B) decreases and begins to approach 1.0. We did this by analyzing relative masseter force in Macaca fascicularis using both strain gage and surface electromyographic (EMG) techniques. In addition, we also analyzed: 1) the relationship between jaw position using cineradiographic techniques and relative masseter force, 2) the timing differences between relative masseter force from the working and balancing sides, and 3) the loading and unloading characteristics of the masseter muscle. Our findings indicate that when macaques increase the amount of overall masticatory force during chewing, the W/B ratio for masseter force frequently (but not always) decreases and begins to approach 1.0. Therefore, our working hypothesis is not completely supported because the W/B ratio does not decrease with increasing levels of force in all subjects. The data also demonstrate timing differences in masseter force. During apple-skin mastication, the average peak masseter force on the working side occurs immediately at or slightly after the initial occurrence of maximum intercuspation, whereas the average peak masseter force on the balancing side occurs well before maximum intercuspation. On average, we found that peak force from the balancing-side masseter precedes the working-side masseter by about 26 msec. The greater the asynchrony between working- and balancing-side masseter force, the greater the difference in the relative magnitude of these forces. For example, in the subject with the greatest asynchrony, the balancing-side masseter had already fallen to about one-half of peak force when the working-side masseter reached peak force. Our data also indicate that the loading and unloading characteristics of the masseter differ between the working and balancing sides. Loading (from 50 to 100\% of peak force) and unloading (from 100 to 50\% of peak force) for the balancing-side masseter tends to be rather symmetrical. In contrast, the working-side masseter takes much longer to load from 50 to 100\% of peak force than it does to unload from 100 to 50\% of peak force. Finally, it takes on average about 35 msec for the working-side zygoma and 42 msec for the balancing-side zygoma to unload from 100 to 50\% of peak force during apple-skin mastication, indicating that the unloading characteristics of the macaque masseter during mastication closely approximates its relaxation characteristics (as determined by muscle stimulation).}, keywords = {*Models, Biological, Animal, Biomechanics, Bite Force, Cineradiography/veterinary, Electrodes/veterinary, Electromyography/veterinary, Female, Macaca fascicularis/*physiology, Male, Masseter Muscle/*physiology, Mastication/*physiology, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Videotape Recording, Zygoma/physiology}, author = {Hylander, W. L. and Johnson, K. R. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512681, title = {Coordination of Respiration and Swallowing in Infant Macaques (abstract)}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {A19}, author = {German, R. Z. and Suarez, C. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512891, title = {New Fossil Evidence on the Sister-Group of Mammals and Early Mesozoic Faunal Distributions}, journal = {Science}, volume = {251}, number = {4997}, year = {1991}, month = {Mar 1}, pages = {1063-1065}, abstract = {

Newly discovered remains of highly advanced mammal-like reptiles (Cynodontia: Tritheledontidae) from the Early Jurassic of Nova Scotia, Canada, have revealed that aspects of the characteristic mammalian occlusal pattern are primitive. Mammals and tritheledontids share an homologous pattern of occlusion that is not seen in other cynodonts. The new tritheledontids represent the first definite record of this family from North America. The extreme similarity of North American and African tritheledontids supports the hypothesis that the global distribution of terrestrial tetrapods was homogeneous in the Early Jurassic. This Early Jurassic cosmopolitanism represents the continuation of a trend toward increased global homogeneity among terrestrial tetrapod communities that began in the late Paleozoic.

}, author = {Shubin, N. H. and Crompton, A. W. and Sues, H. D. and Olsen, P. E.} } @article {512651, title = {Biomechanics of Suckling in Macaca fascicularis (abstract)}, journal = {Am Assoc Phys AnthroAmerican Association of Physical Anthropology}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {Feb}, pages = {227}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512561, title = {Intra-oral food transport and swallowing in the American opossum. Part 1: Liquids}, journal = {Journal of MorphologyJournal of Morphology}, volume = {in review}, year = {1990}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Weijs-Boot, J.} } @article {512621, title = {Ontogeny of Feeding in Opossums (abstract)}, journal = {Am Soc ZoolAmerican Society of Zoologists}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {A21}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Filan, S. L.} } @article {512876, title = {Biomechanics of the Mammal Tongue - Role of the Lingual Tunic During Hydrostatic Deformation}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {A35-A35}, author = {Schwenk, K. and Brainerd, E. L. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512311, title = {Bone remodeling in medium sized mammals and birds in response to slight changes in normal strain levels.}, journal = { J. Vert. Paleo}, volume = {9}, number = {41}, year = {1989}, pages = {18A}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512351, title = {A cold look at a treatise on warm blooded dinosaurs}, journal = {Sci Amer}, volume = {260}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, pages = {110-113}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Gatesy, Stephen M.} } @article {512916, title = {Effect of sensory input from the tongue on jaw movement in normal feeding in the opossum}, journal = {J Exp ZoolJournal of Experimental Zoology}, volume = {250}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, note = {893416520022-104xJournal Article}, month = {Jun}, pages = {233-43}, abstract = {Opossums were presented with solid and liquid foods. The movements of the jaw and tongue were recorded cineradiographically together with recordings of the EMG activity in muscles opening the jaw and moving the base of the tongue (hyoid). The jaw opening in each cycle was in two stages--01 and 02; 01 had a constant amplitude irrespective of the food ingested. Ingestion of liquid (which involved continuous accumulation of a liquid bolus in the valleculae prior to swallowing) was associated with cycles of oral movement in which 02 was small; tongue retraction was associated with this opening. In contrast, solid and semisolid food ingestion was associated with large angles of jaw opening in 02 that also coincided with the tongue retraction. In this latter case a characteristic pattern of EMG activity, in which all the muscles moving the hyoid were simultaneously active, was added to the pattern seen in lapping; this additional activity had an EMG pattern that was consistent with a jaw opening reflex. The findings contrast with other reports that the jaw opening reflex is suppressed in mastication. Experimentally induced tongue contact with a variety of solid surfaces during lapping (an activity involving accumulation of a liquid bolus in the valleculae) induced neither increased jaw opening nor the additional EMG pattern. However, in situations when there was no bolus in the valleculae, additional jaw opening activity was elicited when the tongue contracted solids intra- or extra-orally. It is suggested that the ability of sensory input, from the anterior tongue, to elicit a jaw opening reflex and to change the type of jaw/tongue cycle was dependent upon the extent of bolus accumulation in the valleculae and therefore indirectly upon the consistency of the food.}, keywords = {*Eating, *Psychomotor Performance, Animal, Animal Feed, Electromyography, Jaw/*physiology, Neurons, Afferent/physiology, Opossums/*physiology, Receptors, Sensory/physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Tongue/innervation/*physiology}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512906, title = {Enamel Ultrastructure and Masticatory Function in Molars of the American Opossum, Didelphis-Virginiana}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, month = {Apr}, pages = {311-334}, author = {Stern, D. and Crompton, A. W. and Skobe, Z.} } @inbook {512306, title = {The Evolution of Mammalian Mastication}, booktitle = {Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates}, year = {1989}, pages = {23-40}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Wake, D.B. and Roth, G.} } @article {512676, title = {Food transport through the anterior oral cavity in macaques}, journal = {Am J Phys AnthropolAmerican Journal Physical Anthropology}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, note = {900723650002-9483Journal Article}, month = {Nov}, pages = {369-77}, abstract = {Intraoral transport, the movement of food or liquid through the oral cavity and oropharynx, is a major component of feeding behavior. Stage I transport, transport through the oral cavity prior to mastication, has been described for several mammals (Franks et al.: Arch. Oral Biol. 30:539, 1985; Hiiemae and Crompton: Hildebrand et al. (eds.): Functional Vertebrate Morphology, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, 1985). Previous work (Franks et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 65:275, 1984) indicated that this was not a significant behavior in macaques in a laboratory setting, because food was ingested directly to the region of the cheek teeth. Although relatively infrequent in a captive situation, stage I transport does occur in long-tailed macaques through a mechanism similar to other mammals, but also subject to unique aspects of primate anatomy. Transport takes several cycles during which the food moves back and forth in an anterior/posterior direction, due to tongue movements. Because anthropoid primates lack the pronounced rugae that in other mammals prevent the anterior displacement of a bolus, stage I transport uses the rounded arch of the upper, anterior dentition to hold the food during the forward movement of the tongue. During the final cycle of transport, a pronounced twisting of the tongue, along a midline anteroposterior axis helps funnel the food item toward the postcanine teeth for subsequent mastication. This twisting, which was described in humans by Abd-El-Malek (J. Anat. 100:215, 1955) but not within the context of jaw movement, occurs prior to the closing phase of the jaw cycle.}, keywords = {*Feeding Behavior, Animal, Dentition, Female, Jaw/physiology, Macaca fascicularis/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Macaca/*physiology, Male, Mouth/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Tongue/physiology}, author = {German, R. Z. and Saxe, S. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemae, K. M.} } @article {512686, title = {Inner-Ear Structure in Morganucodon, an Early Jurassic Mammal}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, month = {Jun}, pages = {107-117}, author = {Graybeal, A. and Rosowski, J. J. and Ketten, D. R. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512631, title = {Suckling Mechanism in Infant Pigs}, journal = {Am ZoolAmerican Zoologist}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {1988}, pages = {A174}, author = {German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Levitch, L. and Rouse, T.} } @article {512736, title = {Loading Patterns and Jaw Movements During Mastication in Macaca-Fascicularis a Bone Strain Electromyographic and Cineradiographic Analysis}, journal = {American Journal of Physical AnthropologyAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, pages = {287-314}, abstract = {Rosette strain gage, electromyography (EMG), and cineradiographic techniques were used to analyze loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication in Macaca fascicularis. The cineradiographic data indicate that macaques generally swallow frequently throughout a chewing sequence, and these swallows are intercalated into a chewing cycle towards the end of a power stroke. The bone strain and jaw movement data indicate that during vigorous mastication the transition between fast close and the power stroke is correlated with a sharp increase in masticatory force, and they also show that in most instances the jaws of macaques are maximally loaded prior to maximum intercuspation, i.e. during phase I (buccal phase) occlusal movements. Moreover, these data indicate that loads during phase II (lingual phase) occlusal movements are ordinarily relatively small. The bone strain data also suggest that the duration of unloading of the jaw during the power stroke of mastication is largely a function of the relaxation time of the jaw adductors. This interpretation is based on the finding that the duration from 100\% peak strain to 50\% peak strain during unloading closely approximates the half-relaxation time of whole adductor jaw muscles of macaques. The EMG data of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles have important implications for understanding both the biomechanics of the power stroke and the external forces responsible for the "wishboning" effect that takes place along the mandibular symphysis and corpus during the power stroke of mastication. Although both medial pterygoid muscles reach maximum EMG activity during the power stroke, the activity of the working-side medial pterygoid peaks after the balancing-side medial pyterygoid. Associated with the simultaneous increase of force of the working-side medial pterygoid and the decrease of force of the balancing-side medial pterygoid is the persistently high level of EMG activity of the balancing-side deep masseter (posterior portion). This pattern is of considerable significance because the direction of force of both the working-side medial pterygoid and the balancing-side deep masseter are well aligned to aid in driving the working-side lower molars across the upper molars in the medial direction during unilateral mastication. Moreover, the persistent activity of the balancing-side deep masseter associated with the gradual relaxation of the remaining balancing-side muscles indicates that although vertical force along the balancing side is decreasing, there is a relative increase in laterally directed force, and this results in an increase in lateral transverse bending of the balancing-side mandibular corpus and symphysis (wishboning) throughout the power stroke.}, author = {Hylander, W. L. and Johnson, K. R. and Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512331, title = {Masticatory apparatus of large herbivores during Triassic and early Jurassic times}, booktitle = {The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs}, year = {1987}, pages = {223-236}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Attridge, J.}, editor = {Padian, Kevin} } @article {512761, title = {The Origin of Egg-Laying Mammals}, journal = {NatureNature}, volume = {326}, number = {6116}, year = {1987}, month = {Apr 30}, pages = {871-873}, author = {Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins, F. A.} } @inbook {512386, title = {Changes in mandibular function following the acquisition of a dentary-squamosal jaw articulation}, booktitle = {The Evolution and Ecology of Mammal-like Reptiles}, year = {1986}, pages = {263-282}, publisher = {Smithsonian Institution Press}, organization = {Smithsonian Institution Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Hylander William, L.}, editor = {Hotton, N and MacLean, P and Roth, J and Roth, E.} } @article {512881, title = {Functional aspects of tongue morphology (abstract)}, journal = {Amer. Zool.Amer. Zool.}, year = {1986}, author = {Schwenk, K., K. Hiiemae, and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512731, title = {Jaw Movements and Patterns of Mandibular Bone Strain During Mastication in the Monkey Macaca fascicularis}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {1986}, pages = {841-848}, author = {Hylander, W. L. and Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512391, title = {Changes in mandibular function following the acquisition of a dentary-squamosal jaw articulation.}, booktitle = {The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles}, volume = {(in press)}, year = {1985}, publisher = {Smithsonian Institution Press}, organization = {Smithsonian Institution Press}, address = {Washington}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Hylander, W. L.}, editor = {Hotton, N and Roth, J. J. and Roth, E. C. and McClean, P. D.} } @article {512816, title = {A cineradiographic and electromyographic study of mastication in Tenrec ecaudatus}, journal = {J MorpholJournal of Morphology}, volume = {185}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {860372570362-2525Journal Article}, month = {Aug}, pages = {155-182}, abstract = {Regular chewing was studied in the specialized Malagasy insectivore Tenrec ecaudatus with the aid of precisely correlated electromyography of the main adductors, digastrics, and two hyoid muscles and cineradiography for which metallic markers were placed in the mandibles, tongue, and hyoid bone. During the power stroke the body of the mandible moves dorsally and medially. The medially directed component of movement at this time is greatly increased by simultaneous rotation of the mandible about its longitudinal axis. The highly mobile symphysis, spherical dentary condyle, loss of superficial masseter muscle and zygoma, and the simplified zalamnodont molars all appear to be related to the large amount of mandibular rotation that occurs during occlusion. The balancing side lateral pterygoid muscle (inferior head) apparently shifts the working side mandible laterally during the last part of opening and the first part of closing. The working side temporalis and the superficial masseter muscle are both responsible for the shift back to the midline. The temporalis is usually active to the same extent on the working and balancing sides during the power stroke. The level of activity (amplitude) of the temporalis and duration of the power stroke increase with harder foods. Whenever soft foods are chewed, the superficial masseter is only active on the working side; whenever foods of increasing hardness are chewed, its level of activity on the balancing side increases to approach that of the working side. Mandibular rotation is greatly reduced when hard foods are chewed.}, keywords = {*Mastication, Animal, Cineradiography, Electromyography, Insectivora/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Masticatory Muscles/*physiology, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Oron, U. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512536, title = {Cranial structure and relationships of the Liassic mammal Sinoconodon}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {85}, year = {1985}, month = {April 1984}, pages = {99-119}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Sun, A. L.} } @article {512531, title = {Cranial structure and relationships of the Liassic mammal Sinoconodon}, journal = {Zool. J. of Linn. Soc.}, volume = {85}, year = {1985}, pages = {99-119}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Ai-lin Sun} } @inbook {512711, title = {Mastication, Food Transport and Swallowing}, booktitle = {Functional Vertebrate Morphology}, year = {1985}, note = {edited by Milton Hildebrand ... [et al.].ill. ; 27 cm.Includes index.}, pages = {262-290}, publisher = {Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}, organization = {Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {Morphology (Animals), Vertebrates Morphology., Vertebrates Physiology.}, isbn = {0674327756 (alk. paper)}, author = {Hiiemae, K. M. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Hildebrand, M. and Bramble, D. and Liem, K. and Wake, D.} } @article {512601, title = {Mechanism of intra-oral transport in a herbivore, the hyrax (Procavia syriacus)}, journal = {Arch Oral BiolArchives of Oral Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, year = {1985}, note = {860499540003-9969Journal Article}, pages = {539-44}, abstract = {Movements in the jaw, tongue and hyoid during feeding behaviour were recorded with cine-X-ray. Food was moved through the mouth by anterior/posterior motion of the tongue surface relative to the hard palate. This was true for both stage I transport, from the front of the mouth to the molar tooth row and stage II transport, from the molar tooth row to the vallecular area of the oropharynx. During a series of chew cycles, processed food collected in the oropharynx prior to a swallow. Swallows occurred as discrete events punctuating chew sequences and were characterized by coordinated movements of tongue and soft palate. Similar mechanisms of transport have been observed in the opossum and the cat, indicating a common mammalian behaviour. Differences between this herbivore and anthropoid primates can be attributed to differences in anatomy of the oral apparatus.}, keywords = {*Mastication, Animal, Deglutition, Hyoid Bone/physiology, Hyraxes/physiology, Jaw/physiology, Movement, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Tongue/physiology}, author = {Franks, H. A. and German, R. Z. and Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemae, K. M.} } @inbook {512301, title = {Origin of the Mammalian Temporomandibular Joint}, booktitle = {Developmental aspects of temporomandibular joint disorders}, series = {Craniofacial Growth Series}, volume = {Monograph $\#$16}, year = {1985}, pages = {1-18.}, publisher = {University of Michigan}, organization = {University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {D.S. Carlson and J. McNamara and K.A. Ribbens} } @article {512136, title = {Regulation of respiratory airflow during panting and feeding in the dog}, journal = {Respir PhysiolRespiration Physiology (Amsterdam)}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {860182130034-5687Journal Article}, month = {Aug}, pages = {185-95}, abstract = {Cineradiographic study of the movement patterns of oropharyngeal and laryngeal structures during breathing and panting in dogs, correlated with recordings of expiratory and inspiratory airflow patterns (via thermocouples) at the nose and mouth show that the soft palate is the principal structural component regulating the path of respiratory in these animals. Cyclical movements of the soft palate during panting are accompanied by complementary movements of the posterior dorsum of the tongue (and epiglottis) to open and to close alternately the oropharynx and nasopharynx. The epiglottis appears to play a passive role during changes in airflow direction; its movements at this time being closely coupled to movements of the posterior tongue and hyoid. The dogs did not breathe during lapping or mastication, indicating the loss of functional separation of respiratory and feeding activities - a role traditionally held for the evolution of a secondary palate in mammals. Food stored in the posterior region of the oral cavity was observed to obstruct airflow via the nasopharynx during food transport and breakdown. Respiration commenced only after the food bolus had been swallowed. We suggest that specializations of the soft palate and epiglottis in dogs for thermal panting appear to restrict the formation of an adequate oropharyngeal seal during feeding.}, keywords = {*Pulmonary Ventilation, Animal, Cineradiography, Dogs, Epiglottis/physiology, Feeding Behavior/*physiology, Larynx/physiology, Nasopharynx/physiology, Oropharynx/physiology, Palate, Soft/physiology, Pharynx/physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Biewener, A. A. and Soghikian, G. W. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512131, title = {The southern African Liassic prosauropod Massospondylus discovered in North America}, journal = {J. Vert. Paleontol.}, volume = {5}, year = {1985}, pages = {128-132}, author = {Attridge, J., A.W. Crompton and F.A. Jenkins, Jr.} } @article {512901, title = {Structure and function of the mandibular symphysis in the opossum (abstract)}, journal = {J. Dent. Res}, year = {1985}, author = {Stern, D. and Crompton, A. W. and J. Heeley and T. Crabtree} } @article {512571, title = {Mechanism of intraoral transport in macaques}, journal = {Am J Phys AnthropolAmerican Journal Physical Anthropology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, note = {850945540002-9483Journal Article}, month = {Nov}, pages = {275-82}, abstract = {All mammals have the same divisions of cyclic movement of tongue and hyoid during mastication: a protraction or forward phase that begins at minimum gape, and a retraction or return phase. Nonanthropoid mammals transport food from the oral cavity to the oropharynx during the return phase; food on the dorsal surface of the tongue moves distally while the tongue is retracted. Macaques, however, transport food during the protraction phase of tongue/hyoid movement. Food is squeezed posteriorly by contact between the tongue surface and the palate anterior to the food. This mechanism of transport is occasionally seen in nonanthropoid mammals when they are transporting liquids from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. It has, however, not been seen when these mammals transport solid food. One morphological basis for this difference is the reduction in height of the rugae of the palate of macaques. In most mammals these rugae are pronounced ridges that are able to hold food in place during protraction as the tongue slides forward beneath the food. Anthropoids and other mammals differ in the way they store food prior to swallowing. When macaques transport food to the oropharynx, usually they swallow in the next cycle, but always in the next 2 or 3 cycles. Most mammals transport and store food in the oropharynx for several cycles before a swallow clears that region of food. This behavior is correlated with differences in morphology of the oropharynx; anthropoids have reduced valleculae, the area in which other mammals store food prior to swallowing.}, keywords = {*Eating, Animal, Deglutition, Female, Macaca fascicularis/physiology, Macaca/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Male, Mastication, Mouth/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Franks, H. A. and Crompton, A. W. and German, R. Z.} } @article {512756, title = {Mesozoic Mammals from Arizona - New Evidence on Mammalian Evolution}, volume = {222}, number = {4629}, year = {1983}, pages = {1233-1235}, author = {Jenkins Jr., F. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Downs, W. R.} } @article {512296, title = {The Origin of Mammalian-Type Dental Wear in the Earliest Mammals (abstract)}, journal = {Amer J Phys Anthro}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {186-187}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512526, title = {Basic Pattern of the Activity of Oral Musculature During Feeding and Swallowing in Mammals (abstract)}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthro}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, year = {1982}, pages = {178-178}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Sponder, D.} } @article {512596, title = {A Comparative Perspective Primate Mastication and Deglutition (abstract)}, journal = {American Journal of Physical AnthropologyAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, year = {1982}, pages = {189}, author = {Franks, H. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Hylander, W. L.} } @article {512911, title = {Hyo-mandibular relationships during feeding in the cat}, journal = {Arch Oral BiolArchives of Oral Biology}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, year = {1982}, note = {831261040003-9969Journal Article}, pages = {793-801}, abstract = {The movement of the hyoid was studied by cineradiography to obtain information on the movements of the tongue base. During feeding on solid foods, the path of movement of the hyoid in the sagittal plane was highly variable and often complex when referred to the palate. When the effect of jaw movement was excluded by referring hyoid movement to the line of the moving mandible, the path of movement of the hyoid became simpler and less variable, tending to an ellipse. The reversal of hyoid movement from backwards to forwards (relative to the mandible) occurred close to the time at which minimum gape was reached and the reversal from forwards to backwards occurred either (a) at low angles of gape during early jaw opening or (b) at maximum gape. Two different categories of stable state therefore existed together with some intermediate forms of relationship in which the periodicity of jaw movement and of hyoid movement differed. Although the mechanical linkage between jaw and hyoid was a major influence on hyoid movement related to the palate, it was not the sole source of variation in the pattern of that movement.}, keywords = {*Eating, *Movement, Animal, Cats, Diet, Hyoid Bone/*physiology, Mandible/*physiology, Tongue/physiology}, author = {Thexton, A. and McGarrick, J. and Hiiemae, K. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512821, title = {Energetic Cost of Loco Motion of Some Primitive Mammals}, journal = {Physiological ZoologyPhysiological Zoology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {1981}, note = {Article.0031-935XEnglish}, pages = {463-469}, abstract = {Most mammals possess much higher metabolic rates than reptiles, but 3}, keywords = {dasypus-novemcinctus-mexicanus monodelphis-domestica, Evolution and Adaptation, metabolism, physiology, Reptilia: Animals, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Reptiles, [01500] Evolution, [07508] Ecology: environmental biology - Animal, [12003] Physiology - Comparative, [12100] Movement, [13003] Metabolism - Energy and respiratory metabolism, [23001] Temperature - General measurement and methods, [23012] Temperature - Thermoregulation, [85400] Reptilia, [85400] Reptilia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85700] Mammalia, [85700] Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85965] Dasypodidae, [85965] Dasypodidae, Edentata, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [85990] Insectivora, [85990] Insectivora, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86005] Macroscelididae, [86005] Macroscelididae, Insectivora, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata,, [86020] Soricidae, [86020] Soricidae, Insectivora, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86065] Dasyuridae, [86065] Dasyuridae, Marsupialia, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86070] Didelphidae, [86070] Didelphidae, Marsupialia, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, [86375] Muridae, [86375] Muridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia}, author = {Oron, U. and Crompton, A. W. and Taylor, C. R.} } @article {512581, title = {Food transport duing chewing and swallowing in primate and non-primate herbivores (abstract)}, journal = {J Dent ResJournal of Dental Research}, volume = {60}, year = {1981}, pages = {475}, author = {Franks, H. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Hylander William, L.} } @article {512586, title = {Food Transport During Chewing and Swallowing in Primates and in Nonprimate Herbivores}, journal = {Journal of Dental ResearchJournal of Dental Research}, volume = {60}, number = {SPEC. ISSUE A}, year = {1981}, pages = {475}, author = {Franks, H. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Hylander, W. L.} } @article {512521, title = {The mechanisms of food transport (abstract)}, journal = {J Dent ResJournal of Dental Research}, volume = {60}, year = {1981}, pages = {474}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Sponder, D.} } @article {512701, title = {The movement of the cat hyoid during feeding}, journal = {Arch Oral BiolArchives of Oral Biology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {1981}, note = {0003-9969Journal Article}, pages = {65-81}, keywords = {*Eating, Animals, Cats/*physiology, Food, Hyoid Bone/*physiology, Jaw/physiology, Mastication, Movement, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Tongue/physiology}, author = {Hiiemae, K. H. and Thexton, A. and McGarrick, J. and Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512291, title = {The Origin of Mammalian Occlusion}, booktitle = {Orthodontics: The State of the Art}, year = {1981}, pages = {3-18}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, organization = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, address = {Pennsylvania}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Barrer, H.G.} } @article {512591, title = {Tongue Movements During Chewing and Swallowing in Nonhuman Primates}, journal = {American ZoologistAmerican Zoologist}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {1981}, month = {1980}, author = {Franks, H. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Hylander, W. L.} } @inbook {512281, title = {Biology of the Earliest Mammals}, booktitle = {Comparative Physiology: Primitive Mammals}, year = {1980}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Schmidt-Nielsen, L. and Bolis, Liana and Taylor, C. R.} } @article {512956, title = {Food consistency and bite size as regulators of jaw movement during feeding in the cat}, journal = {J NeurophysiolJ Neurophysiol}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {1980}, note = {810714070022-3077Journal Article}, month = {Sep}, pages = {456-74}, keywords = {*Eating, *Mastication, Animal, Cats, Deglutition, Mandible/*innervation, Masticatory Muscles/innervation, Reflex/physiology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Thexton, A. J. and Hiiemae, K. M. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512286, title = {Intraoral transport and swallowing in the opossum (abstract)}, journal = {Amer. Soc. Zool.}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {932}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512726, title = {Loading Patterns and Jaw Movement During the Masticatory Power Stroke in Macaques}, journal = {American Journal of Physical AnthropologyAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {239}, author = {Hylander, W. L. and Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512516, title = {A new genus and species of crocodiialn from the Kayenta Formation (Late Triassic?) of northern Arizona}, booktitle = {Aspects of Vertebrate History}, year = {1980}, pages = {193-217}, publisher = {Museum of Northern Arizona Press}, organization = {Museum of Northern Arizona Press}, address = {Flagstaff}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Smith, K.K.}, editor = {Jacobs, L.L.} } @article {512576, title = {Tongue movements during chewing and swallowing in non-human primates (abstract)}, journal = {Amer. Soc. Zool.}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {932}, author = {Franks, H. A. and Crompton, A. W. and Hylander William, L.} } @mastersthesis {512746, title = {Aspects of the evolution of herbivory in ungulate mammals, Part II. Studies on the anatomy and physiology of the mastication in the hyrax, a living primitive ungulate}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1979}, school = {Harvard University}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, author = {Janis, Christine M} } @inbook {512421, title = {Origin of Mammals}, booktitle = {Mesozoic Mammals}, year = {1979}, pages = {59-73}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Los Angeles}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins Jr., F. A.}, editor = {Lillegraven, Jason A. and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Clemens, W.A.} } @inbook {512751, title = {The Triconodontia}, booktitle = {Mesozoic Mammals}, year = {1979}, pages = {74-90}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Los Angeles}, author = {Jenkins Jr., F. A. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Lillegraven, Jason A. and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Clemens, W.A.} } @article {512546, title = {Evolution of homeothermy in mammals}, journal = {NatureNature}, volume = {272}, number = {5651}, year = {1978}, note = {781354420028-0836Journal Article}, month = {Mar 23}, pages = {333-6}, abstract = {We propose that mammalian homeothermy was was acquired in two steps. The first step enabled mammals to invade a nocturnal niche without an increase in resting metabolic rate. The second step enabled them to invade a diurnal niche and involved the acquisition of higher body temperatures and metabolic rates.}, keywords = {*Body Temperature Regulation, *Evolution, *Homeostasis, Animal, Basal Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Exertion, Mammals/metabolism/*physiology, Oxygen Consumption, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Taylor, C. R. and Jagger, J. A.} } @article {512501, title = {Evolution of the mammalian masticatory apparatus}, journal = {Am SciAmerican Scientist}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, year = {1978}, note = {781642800003-0996Journal Article}, month = {Mar-Apr}, pages = {192-201}, keywords = {*Evolution, Animal, Birds/anatomy \& histology, Ear, Middle/anatomy \& histology, Jaw/*anatomy \& histology, Mammals/*anatomy \& histology, Mandible/anatomy \& histology, Masticatory Muscles/*anatomy \& histology, Maxilla/anatomy \& histology, Reptiles/anatomy \& histology, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Parker, P.} } @inbook {512716, title = {Intra-oral food transport - a fundamental mechanism in feeding}, booktitle = {Muscle adaptation in the craniofacial region : proceedings of a sponsored symposium honoring Professor Robert E. Moyers, held February 24 and 25, 1978, in Ann Arbor, Michigan}, number = {Craniofacial growth series monograph no. 8}, year = {1978}, note = {Symposium on Craniofacial Growth (5th : 1978 : University of Michigan)edited by David S. Carlson and James A. McNamara, Jr. ; assistant editor, Katherine A. Ribbens.ill. ; 24 cm.Co-sponsored by the Center for Human Growth and Development and the School of Dentistry of the University of Michigan.Supported in part by USPHS Grants DE 03610 and DE 04227.}, pages = {181-208}, publisher = {Center for Human Growth and Development Univ. of Michigan}, organization = {Center for Human Growth and Development Univ. of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor}, author = {Hiiemae, K. M. and Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {McNamara, James A. and Moyers, Robert E. and Ribbens, Katherine A. and Carlson, David S. and University of, Michigan and Center for Human Growth and, Development and University of, Michigan and School of, Dentistry and United, States and Public Health, Service} } @inbook {512696, title = {Intra-oral food transport--a fundamental mechanism in feeding?}, booktitle = {Muscle Adaptation in the Craniofacial Region}, series = {Cranio-facial Growth Series}, volume = {Monograph $\#$8}, year = {1978}, pages = {181-208}, publisher = {University of Michigan}, organization = {University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, author = {Hiiemae, K. and Thexton, A. J. and Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {D.S. Carlson and J. McNamara} } @inbook {512416, title = {Mesozoic Mammals}, booktitle = {Evolution of African Mammals}, year = {1978}, pages = {46-55}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, organization = {Harvard University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins Jr., F. A.}, editor = {Maglio, V.J. and Cooke, H.B.S.} } @inbook {512426, title = {Molar Structure and Occlusion in Cretaceous Therian Mammals}, booktitle = {Studies on the Development, Structure and Function of Teeth}, year = {1978}, pages = {249-287}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.}, editor = {Butler, and Joysey, K.A.} } @inbook {512556, title = {The activity of the jaw and hyoid musculature in the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana.}, booktitle = {The Biology of Marsupials}, year = {1977}, pages = {287-305}, publisher = {Macmillan}, organization = {Macmillan}, address = {London}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Thexton, A. J. and Parker, P. and Hiiemae, K. M.}, editor = {B. Stonehouse and G. Gilmore} } @article {512871, title = {A complete skeleton of the late Triassic ornithischian Heterodontosaurus tucki}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {264}, year = {1976}, pages = {324-328}, author = {Santa Luca, A.P. and Crompton, A. W. and Charig, A.J.} } @article {512341, title = {Movement of the hyoid apparatus during chewing}, journal = {NatureNature}, volume = {258}, number = {5530}, year = {1975}, note = {760513340028-0836Journal Article}, month = {Nov 6}, pages = {69-70}, keywords = {*Mastication, Animal, Hyoid Bone/*physiology, Jaw/physiology, Movement, Muscles/physiology, Neck, Opossums, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Cook, P. and Hiiemae, K. and Thexton, A. J.} } @article {512151, title = {The Alleged Synonymy of Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus}, journal = {Am S Afr Mus}, volume = {64}, year = {1974}, pages = {167-189}, author = {Charig, A.J. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512276, title = {The Dentitions and Relationships of the Southern African Triassic Mammals, Erythrotherium Parringtoni and Megazostrodon Rudnerae}, journal = {Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, year = {1974}, month = {15 March 1974}, pages = {397-437}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512826, title = {The evolution of mammalian from reptilian dentitions}, journal = {Breviora (Mus. Comp. Zool.)Breviora (Mus. Comp. Zool.)}, volume = {399}, year = {1973}, pages = {1-18}, author = {Osborn, J.W. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512411, title = {Mammals from reptiles: a review of mammalian origins}, journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary SciencesAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {1973}, pages = {131-155}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins Jr., F. A.} } @inbook {512266, title = {The evolution of the jaw articulation of cynodonts}, booktitle = {Studies in Vertebrate Evolution}, year = {1972}, pages = {231-251}, publisher = {Oliver \& Boyd}, organization = {Oliver \& Boyd}, address = {Edinburgh}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Joysey, K.A. and T.S. Kemp} } @article {512271, title = {Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodontids}, journal = {Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (Geol.)Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology)}, volume = {2l}, number = {2}, year = {1972}, pages = {29-71}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @inbook {512261, title = {The origin of the tribosphenic molar}, booktitle = {Early Mammals}, year = {1971}, pages = {65-87}, publisher = {Suppl. No. 1, Zool. J. Lin. Soc., Vol. 50}, organization = {Suppl. No. 1, Zool. J. Lin. Soc., Vol. 50}, author = {Crompton, A. W.}, editor = {Kermack, D.M. and Kermack, K.A.} } @article {512256, title = {Continental drift and a strange fossil reptile}, journal = {Discovery}, volume = {5}, year = {1970}, pages = {105-108}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512511, title = {Functional significance of the therian molar pattern}, journal = {NatureNature}, volume = {227}, number = {254}, year = {1970}, note = {702335380028-0836Journal Article}, month = {Jul 11}, pages = {197-9}, keywords = {Animal, Dental Models, Dental Occlusion, Evolution, Jaw/*physiology, Mammals/*anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Models, Structural, Molar/*anatomy \& histology, Paleodontology}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Sita-Lumsden, A.} } @article {512381, title = {Molar occlusion and mandibular movements during occlusion, Didelphis marsupialis}, journal = {L. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.}, volume = {49}, year = {1970}, pages = {21-47}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemae, K. M.} } @article {512376, title = {Molar Occlusion and Mandibular Movements during Occlusion in the American Opossum Didelphis-Marsupialis}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {1970}, note = {Article}, pages = {21-47}, keywords = {01012, Methods - Photography, 06504, Radiation biology - Radiation and isotope techniques, 10504, Biophysics - Methods and techniques, 11102, Anatomy and Histology - Gross anatomy, 11106, Anatomy and Histology - Radiologic anatomy, 18001, Bones, joints, fasc, Animalia, Chordata, Dental and Oral System, Didelphidae [86070], Ingestion and Assimilation, Mammalia, Marsupialia, Morphology, Movement and Support, Skeletal System, Vertebrata, Vertebrata [85150]}, isbn = {0024-4082}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemae, K.} } @article {512366, title = {Functional occlusion in tribosphenic molars}, journal = {NatureNature}, volume = {222}, number = {194}, year = {1969}, note = {691815100028-0836Journal Article}, month = {May 17}, pages = {678-9}, keywords = {*Dental Occlusion, *Mastication, *Molar, Animal, Cineradiography, Evolution, Marsupialia}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemae, K.} } @article {512371, title = {How mammalian molar teeth work}, journal = {Discovery (Peabody Museum of Natural History)}, number = {5}, year = {1969}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Hiiemae, K.} } @article {512721, title = {The Origin of Mammals}, journal = {Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1969}, pages = {15-72}, author = {Hopson, J.A. and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512236, title = {The enigma of the evolution of mammals}, journal = {Optima}, volume = {18}, year = {1968}, pages = {l37-151}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512241, title = {In search of the "Insignificant"}, journal = {Discovery (Peabody Museum of Natural History)}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {1968}, pages = {23-32}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512406, title = {Molar occlusion in late triassic mammals}, journal = {Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {1968}, note = {

691355070006-3231Journal ArticleReview

}, month = {Nov}, pages = {427-58}, keywords = {*Dental Occlusion, Animal, Evolution, Lesotho, Mammals/*classification, Molar/*anatomy \& histology, Paleontology}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins, F. A., Jr.} } @article {512246, title = {The present and future course of our museum}, journal = {Museum News (Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ.)Museum News (Museum of Natural History, Yale University)}, volume = {January}, year = {1968}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512251, title = {Studying function by X-ray}, journal = {Discovery (Peab. Mus. of Nat. Hist.)}, volume = {3}, year = {1968}, pages = {50-51}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512401, title = {American Jurassic symmetrodonts and Rhaetic "pantotheres"}, journal = {Science}, volume = {155}, number = {765}, year = {1967}, note = {

670906230036-8075Journal Article

}, month = {Feb 24}, pages = {1006-9}, keywords = {Animal, Evolution, Mammals, Molar/*anatomy \& histology}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins, F. A.} } @article {512396, title = {Functional morphology of the masticatory apparatus of two dicynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida)}, journal = {PostillaPostilla}, volume = {109}, year = {1967}, pages = {1-51}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and N. Hotton III} } @article {512231, title = {The University Museum: its problems and functions}, journal = {Discovery (Peabody Museum of Natural History)Discovery (Peabody Museum of Natural History)}, volume = {2}, year = {1966}, pages = {2-6}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512146, title = {On the origin of the sauropods and the classification of the saurischia}, journal = {Proc. Linn. Soc. London}, volume = {176}, year = {1965}, pages = {197-212}, author = {Charig, A. J., J. Attridge and Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512226, title = {A preliminary description of a new mammal from the upper Triassic of southern Africa}, journal = {Proc. Zool. Soc. London}, volume = {142}, year = {1964}, pages = {441-452}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512541, title = {Research Policy for South African Museums}, journal = {Samab BulletinSamab Bulletin}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1964}, pages = {110-115}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and F. H. Talbot} } @article {512221, title = {On the Skull of Oligokyphus}, journal = {Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {1964}, month = {February 1964}, pages = {67-82}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512216, title = {The evolution of the mammalian jaw}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {17}, year = {1963}, pages = {43l-439}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512206, title = {Preface (1962 Annual Congress of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science)}, journal = {South African Journal of ScienceSouth African Journal of Science}, volume = {59}, year = {1963}, pages = {133-134}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512211, title = {Tooth replacement in the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley}, journal = { Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 46}, number = {479-521}, year = {1963}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512201, title = {On the dentition and tooth replacement in two bauriamorph reptiles}, journal = { Ann. S. Afr. Mus.}, volume = {46}, year = {1962}, pages = {231-255}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512191, title = {On the Lower jaw of Diarthrognathus and the Origin of the Mammalian Lower Jaw}, journal = {South African MuseumSouth African Museum}, year = {1962}, month = {8 May 1962}, pages = {697-753}, address = {Capetown}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512196, title = {A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa}, journal = { Nature}, volume = {196}, year = {1962}, pages = {1074-1077}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512186, title = {Recent Advances at the South African Museum}, journal = {LanternLantern}, volume = {9}, year = {1960}, pages = {252-261}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512181, title = {The Cranial Morphology of a New Genus and Species of Ictidosauran}, journal = {Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London}, volume = {130}, number = {2}, year = {1958}, month = {March 1958}, pages = {183-216}, keywords = {Paleo}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512506, title = {Darwin{\textquoteright}s visit to the Cape}, journal = {Quart. Bull. S. Afr. Lib}, volume = {13}, year = {1958}, pages = {9-10}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and R. Singer} } @article {512346, title = {On a new cynodont from the Molteno beds and the origin of the tritylodontids}, journal = {Ann. S. Afri. Mus}, volume = {44}, year = {1957}, pages = {1-14}, author = {Crompton, A. W. and F. Ellenberger} } @article {512176, title = {A possible explanation for the origin of the mammalian brain}, journal = {South African Journal of Science}, volume = {52}, year = {1955}, pages = {130-133}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512171, title = {A revision of the Scaloposauridae with special reference to kinesis in this family}, journal = {Res Nat Mus}, volume = {1}, number = {149-183}, year = {1955}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512166, title = {On some Triassic cynodonts from Tanganyika}, journal = {Proc Zool Soc London}, volume = {125}, year = {1955}, pages = {617-669}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512161, title = {Techniques for the study of Permo-Triassic fossils of South Africa}, journal = {Samab}, volume = {6}, year = {1955}, pages = {57-60}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} } @article {512156, title = {The development of the chondrocranium of Spheniscus demersus with special reference to the columella auris of birds}, journal = {Acta Zoologica}, volume = {34}, year = {1953}, pages = {72-143}, author = {Crompton, A. W.} }